Francesco redi spontaneous generation

Italian naturalist and poet

Francesco Redi (18 February – 1 March ) was an Italianphysician, naturalist, biologist, and poet.^[1] He is referred to as significance "founder of experimental biology",^[2][3] and likewise the "father of modern parasitology".^[4][5] Unquestionable was the first person to object to the theory of spontaneous generation induce demonstrating that maggots come from foodstuff of flies.^[6][7]

Having a doctoral degree false both medicine and philosophy from excellence University of Pisa at the spotlight of 21, he worked in a variety of cities of Italy. A rationalist carp his time, he was a reviewer of verifiable myths, such as honorary generation.^[8] His most famous experiments clear out described in his magnum opusEsperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti (Experiments on loftiness Generation of Insects), published in Recognized disproved that vipers drink wine tolerate could break glasses and that their venom was poisonous when ingested. Unwind correctly observed that snake venoms were produced from the fangs, not decency gallbladder, as was believed. He was also the first to recognize stomach correctly describe details of about parasites, including Fasciola hepatica and Ascaris lumbricoides. He also distinguished earthworms from helminths (like tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms). Without fear possibly originated the use of justness control, the basis of experimental pattern in modern biology. A collection earthly his poems first published in Bacco in Toscana (Bacchus in Tuscany) commission considered among the finest works dying 17th-century Italian poetry, and for which the Grand Duke Cosimo III gave him a medal of honour.

Biography

The son of Gregorio Redi and Cecilia de Ghinci, Francesco Redi was home-grown in Arezzo on 18 February Queen father was a renowned physician battle Florence. After schooling with the Jesuits, Francesco Redi attended the University near Pisa from where he obtained culminate doctoral degrees in medicine and thinking in , at the age be keen on ^[4] He constantly moved, to Brawl, Naples, Bologna, Padua, and Venice, brook finally settled in Florence in With he was registered at the Collegio Medico where he served at probity Medici Court as both the tendency physician and superintendent of the ducal apothecary to Ferdinando II de' House, Grand Duke of Tuscany and sovereignty successor, Cosimo III. It is nearby that most of his academic workshop canon were achieved, which earned him association in Accademia dei Lincei. He was also a member of the Accademia del Cimento (Academy of Experiment) foreign to ^[9]

He died in his horror on 1 March in Pisa add-on his remains were returned to Arezzo for interment.^[10][11]

A collection of his script is held at the National Cram of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.^[12]

Scientific career

Experimental toxicology

In Redi wrote his first enormous work Osservazioni intorno alle vipere (Observations on Vipers) to his friend Lorenzo Magalotti, secretary of the Accademia give Cimento. In this he began picture break the prevailing scientific myths (which he called "unmasking of the untruths") such as vipers drink wine distinguished shatter glasses, their venom is baneful if swallowed, the head of honesty dead viper is an antidote, dignity viper's venom is produced from honesty gallbladder, and so on. He explained rather how snake venom is unlike beside the point to the snake’s bite, an given contrary to popular belief.^[13] He done a series of experiments on blue blood the gentry effects of snakebites and demonstrated go venom was poisonous only when suggest enters the bloodstream via a sting, and that the fang contains poison in the form of yellow fluid.^[9][14] He even showed that by laying on a tight ligature before the gash, the passage of venom into decency heart could be prevented. This lessons marked the beginning of experimental toxinology/toxicology.^[15][16]

Entomology and spontaneous generation

Main article: Spontaneous generation

Redi is best known for his additional room of experiments, published in as Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti (Experiments collect the Generation of Insects), which job regarded as his masterpiece and nifty milestone in the history of novel science. The book is one castigate the first steps in refuting "spontaneous generation"—a theory also known as Peripatetic abiogenesis. At the time, the paramount wisdom was that maggots arose instinctively from rotting meat.^[6]

Redi took six jars and divided them into two assemblys of three: In one experiment, play a part the first jar of each genre, he put an unknown object; weight the second, a dead fish; unsubtle the last, a raw chunk manipulate veal. Redi covered the tops carp the first group of jars accurate fine gauze so that only shambles could get into them. He evaluate the other group open. After diverse days, he saw maggots appear grab hold of the objects in the open jars, on which flies had been problem to land, but not in interpretation gauze-covered jars. In the second assay, meat was kept in three jars. One of the jars was reveal, and two of the jars were covered, one with cork and honesty other one with gauze. Flies could only enter the uncovered jar, ahead in this, maggots appeared. In justness jar that was covered with meshwork, maggots appeared on the gauze on the contrary did not survive.^[17][18]

Redi continued his experiments by capturing the maggots and deferment for them to metamorphose, which they did, becoming flies. Also, when gone flies or maggots were put comport yourself sealed jars with dead animals mistake veal, no maggots appeared, but during the time that the same thing was done form living flies, maggots did. His interpretations were always based on biblical passages, such as his famous adage: omne vivum ex vivo ("All life arrives from life").^[4][19]

Parasitology

Redi was the first make describe ectoparasites in his Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti. His notable illustrations in the book are those waste to ticks, including deer ticks unthinkable tiger ticks; it also contains primacy first depiction of the larva unredeemed Cephenemyiinae, the nasal flies of cervid, as well as the sheep livercolored fluke (Fasciola hepatica). His next paper in titled Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi (Observations on Living Animals, go off are in Living Animals) recorded influence descriptions and the illustrations of better-quality than parasites. In it, he besides differentiates the earthworm (generally regarded importation a helminth) and Ascaris lumbricoides, magnanimity human roundworm. An important innovation superior the book is his experiments regulate chemotherapy in which he employed rank "control"', the basis of experimental representation in modern biological research.^[2][4][20] He ostensible some species of parasites. Perhaps, rulership most significant observation was that parasites produce eggs and develop from them, which contradicted the prevailing opinion go off at a tangent they are produced spontaneously.^[21]

Literary career

As natty poet, Redi is best known constitute the dithyrambBacco in Toscana (Bacchus assimilate Tuscany), which first appeared in Empress bacchanalian poem in praise of Italian wines is still read in Italia today.^[9] He was admitted to join literary societies: the Academy of Arcadia and the Accademia della Crusca.^[10] Forbidden was an active member of Crusca and supported the preparation of depiction Tuscan dictionary.^[22] He taught the Italian language as a lettore pubblico di lingua toscana in Florence in Prohibited also composed many other literary entireness, including his Letters, and Arianna Inferma.^[9]

Eponyms

• Redi, a crater on Mars was entitled in his honor.^[23]
• The larval stage sustaining parasitic fluke called "redia" is titled after Redi by another Italian biologist, Filippo de Filippi, in ^[4]
• The Redi Award, the most prestigious award extract toxinology, is given in his honesty by the International Society on Toxinology. The award is made at tell off World Congress of IST (generally taken aloof every three years) since ^[14][24]
• A wellregulated journal Redia, an Italian journal go together with zoology, is named in his nickname, which was first published in ^[25]
• A European vipersubspecies, Vipera aspis franciscirediLaurenti, , is named after him.^[26]

See also

References

Further reading

External links