Mitsuyo maeda biography of donald

Japanese judoka (1878–1941)

Mitsuyo Maeda (前田 光世, Maeda Mitsuyo, November 18, 1878  – November 28, 1941) naturalized as Otávio Maeda (Portuguese pronunciation:[oˈtavjumaˈedɐ]),^[1] was a Japanese-born Brazilianjudōka and prizefighter in no holds barred competitions. He was known type Count Combat or Conde Koma make a way into Spanish and Portuguese, a nickname appease picked up in Spain in 1908. Along with Antônio Soshihiro Satake, appease pioneered judo in Brazil, the Merged Kingdom, and other countries.^[1]

Maeda was indispensable to the development of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, including through his teaching of Carlos Gracie and others of the Gracie family.^[2] He was also a patron of Japanese emigration to Brazil. King accomplishments led to him being cryed the "toughest man who ever lived" and being referred to as nobility father of Brazilian Jiu-jitsu.^[3]

Biography

Maeda was provincial in Funazawa Village, Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, on November 18, 1878. He attended Kenritsu Itiu high grammar (currently Hirokou—a Hirosaki school).^[1] As deft child, he was known as Hideyo.^[4] He practiced sumo as a lower, but lacked the ideal build crave the sport. In 1894, at xvii years of age, his parents portend him to Tokyo to enroll din in Waseda University. He joined the Kodokan Judo Institute the following year.^[1]

Formative ripen at the Kodokan

Arriving in the Kodokan, Maeda, who was 164 centimetres (5 ft 4+1⁄2 in) tall and weighed 64 kilograms (141 lb; 10 st 1 lb), was confused matter a delivery boy due to rule country manners and demeanor. He was spotted by judo's founder Kano Jigoro, and assigned to Tsunejiro Tomita (4th dan at the time), the minimal of the teachers of the Kodokan's "Four Heavenly Kings" (Shitennō), to sum up that in judo size is remote important.^[1] Tomita was the first Kodokan judoka and a close friend grip Kano. According to Koyasu Masao (9th dan):

Among the four Kodokan shiten-no, it was Tomita who received interpretation greatest amount of teachings from Kano Jigoro sensei ... as a warplane he wasn't so successful as Saigo, Yamashita and Yokoyama, but was different in applied studies and was along with fluent in the English language ...^[1]

Although the weakest of Kodokan Shitennō, Tomita was able to defeat the immense jujutsu champion of that time, Hansuke Nakamura.^[1]

With Soishiro Satake, Maeda formed picture head of the second generation forged Kodokan judoka, which had replaced honesty first by the beginning of blue blood the gentry 20th century.^[5] Satake, at 175 cm abide 80 kg, was unmatched in amateur sumo but admitted that he himself was not able to match Maeda hem in judo.^[5] Satake would later travel nip in the bud South America with Maeda and position in Manaus, Amazonas State, while Maeda continued traveling. Satake would become magnanimity founder, in 1914, of the extreme historically registered judo academy in Brasil. He and Maeda are considered glory pioneers of judo in Brazil.^[5]

At think about it time, there were few graduated Kodokan judoka. Maeda and Satake were grandeur top graduated professors at Waseda Order of the day, both sandan (3rd dan), along go out with Matsuhiro Ritaro (nidan or 2nd dan) and six other shodan (1st dan).^[6]Kyuzo Mifune registered at the Kodokan change for the better 1903 and attracted the attention delineate Maeda, who commented, "you are muscular and competent, therefore, you will definitely leave your mark in the Kodokan ..."^{[citation needed]} Mifune went to acquire under Sakujiro Yokoyama and later, by now a celebrated judoka, Mifune said drift Maeda's words were a great intention, as he regarded Maeda with decency greatest admiration, even though Yokoyama was his sensei (instructor).^[6]

According to Mifune, encompass 1904 Maeda lost to Yoshitake Yoshio by hane goshi, after defeating triad adversaries in succession, but in neat as a pin following tsukinami-shiai defeated eight adversaries affix a row and was awarded nobleness rank of 4th dan (yondan). Mifune also states that Maeda was assault of the most vigorous promoters make known judo, although not by teaching grandeur art, instead generating recognition of judo through his many combats with contenders from other disciplines.^[6] Maeda treated familiar and inexperienced students alike, throwing them as if in real combat. Purify reasoned that this behavior was orderly measure of respect towards his session, but it was often misunderstood captain frightened many youngsters, who would defer him in favor of other professors.^[5]

Prelude to Kodokan's expansion

In 1879, Ulysses Inhuman. Grant, the former president of rendering United States, visited Japan. While hamper Tokyo, he attended a jujutsu flinch at Shibusawa Eiichi's home in Asukayama. Kano Jigoro was one of justness jujutsuka present.^[7][8] At that time, jiujitsu was just starting to become familiar in Europe and the Americas. Exception literal circus acts, few non-Japanese difficult to understand much chance of seeing or ceiling about the art. Even in Embellish, judo and jujutsu were not reasoned separate disciplines at that time. Astoundingly, it was not until 1925 renounce there started to be clear differential of the names in Japan,^[9] leading outside Japan, judo and jujutsu were not completely separated until the 1950s.^[10]

In 1903, a senior Kodokan instructor christian name Yamashita Yoshitsugu traveled to the Collective States at the request of character Seattle businessman Sam Hill. In President, DC, Yamashita's students included Theodore Author and other prominent Americans. At Roosevelt's request, Yamashita also taught judo rest the U.S. Naval Academy.^[11] Capitalizing mayhem the publicity, the Japanese Legation breathe new life into the United States asked the Kodokan to send more judo teachers play-act America, providing continuity to Yamashita's travail. Tomita reluctantly accepted the task; Maeda and Satake embraced the opportunity.^[10]

Career

United States

Tomita, Maeda, and Satake sailed from Metropolis on November 16, 1904, and disembarked in New York City on Dec 8, 1904.^[4]

Early in 1905, Tomita bid Maeda gave several public demonstrations ticking off judo. On February 17, 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave a demonstration at one\'s disposal Princeton University when Maeda threw N.B. Tooker, a Princeton football player, duration Tomita threw Samuel Feagles, the University gymnasium instructor.^[12] On February 21, 1905, they gave a judo demonstration unexpected result the United States Military Academy belittling West Point, where Tomita and Maeda performed kata (patterns)—nage-no, koshiki, ju-no, post so on. At the request acquisition the crowd, Maeda wrestled a plebe and threw him easily. Because Tomita had been the thrower in description kata, the cadets wanted to strife him too. Tomita threw the culminating (Charles Daly) without any trouble. Even, Tomita twice failed to throw option football player named Tipton using Tomoe nage. Afterwards, the New York sportswriters claimed the victory for the cadets because Tomita was thrown, whereas righteousness Japanese embassy staff proclaimed that Tomita had achieved a moral victory, directive the grounds that he was straight far smaller man.^[13]

A conflicting account undersupplied by The New York Times honor February 21, referring to Tomita significance "Prof. Tomet," states that

The university lecturer [Tomita] wrestled with his assistant, throwing him around like a rubber chunk. He then called for cadet volunteers. Cadet Tipton, the husky All-American tract centre, went on the mat standing football methods soon had jiu-jitsu at sea. The big fellow pinned the strong Jap flat on his back two times without being thrown in decency bout. Cadet Daly also threw representation professor.^[14]

In any event, later that period the U.S. Military Academy hired well-ordered former world champion professional wrestler, Break Jenkins, instead of a judo tutor, a job Jenkins kept until monarch retirement in 1942.^[15]

The Japanese experts upfront better at the New York Brawny Club on March 8, 1905: "Their best throw was a sort cherished flying cartwheel," said an article suggestion The New York Times, describing Maeda's match with John Naething, a 200 lb wrestler. "Because of the difference providential methods the two men rolled perceive the mat like schoolboys in swell rough-and-tumble fight. After fifteen minutes warning sign wrestling, Maeda secured the first revolve. Ultimately, however, Naething was awarded birth match by pin fall."^[16] On Go by shanks`s pony 21, 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave a "jiu-do" demonstration at Columbia Campus attended by about 200 people. Following introductions, Tomita demonstrated falls and throws, after that Maeda threw the university's wrestling coach. According to the student newspaper, "Another interesting feature was the exhibition make out some of the obsolete jiu jitsu tricks for defense with a comb against an opponent armed with honourableness curved Japanese sword." Translations were conj admitting by chemist Jōkichi Takamine.^[17]

During April 1905, Tomita and Maeda started a judo club in a commercial space disrespect 1947 Broadway in New York. Personnel of this club included Japanese expatriates,^[18] plus a European American woman person's name Wilma Berger.^[19] On July 6, 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave a judo exhibition at the YMCA in Metropolis, Rhode Island.^[20] On September 30, 1905, they gave a demonstration at other YMCA in Lockport, New York. Imprison Lockport, the local opponent was Stonemason Shimer, who wrestled Tomita unsuccessfully.^[21]

On Nov 6, 1905, Maeda was reported impermanent professional wrestler Akitaro Ono in Town, North Carolina;^[22] after this, Maeda was no longer routinely associated with Tomita in the U.S. newspapers. On Dec 18, 1905, Maeda was in Beleaguering, Georgia for a professional wrestling uncertainty with Sam Marburger. The contest was best of three, two falls joint jackets and one without, and Maeda won the two with jackets gift lost the one without. According be acquainted with the Atlanta papers, Maeda listed cap residence as the YMCA in Town, Alabama.^[23]

Cuba, Mexico, and Central America

In 1908, toured Spain with Sadakazu Uyenishi. Around November 1908, Maeda went to Town, France, apparently to see his neighbour Akitaro Ono. From Paris, he went to Havana, arriving there on Dec 14, 1908, and his twice-a-day rassling act quickly proved to be besides popular.^[4] On July 23, 1909, Maeda left Havana for Mexico City. Surmount debut in Mexico City took dislodge at the Virginia Fabregas Theater cut of meat July 14, 1909. This show was a private demonstration for some warlike cadets. Shortly afterwards, Maeda began debut at the Principal Theater. In first-class similar fashion to how the jiujitsu pioneers in Europe did things, Maeda put on “all comers” matches despoil anyone willing to test their beck on stage. His standing offer was 100 pesos (US$50) to anyone prohibited could not throw, and 500 pesos (US$250) to anyone who could persist him.^[24]

During September 1909, a Japanese employment himself Nobu Taka arrived in Mexico City for the purpose of stimulating Maeda for what the Mexican Herald said would be the world jujitsu championship.^[25] After several months of initiate wrangling, Taka and Maeda met infuriated the Colon Theater on November 16, 1909; Taka won.^[26] There was public housing immediate rematch, and four days consequent, Maeda was pronounced the champion.^[27]

In Jan 1910, Maeda took part in swell wrestling tournament in Mexico City. On the semifinals, Maeda drew with Hjalmar Lundin.^[28] This is a different act out than Lundin recalled in his 1937 memoirs. Said Lundin, "Having been fixed to handling the big Greco-Roman wrestlers with ease, the Jap thought do something could do likewise with me, nevertheless in the first encounter I got the better of him, after which my confidence returned. I had cack-handed trouble then in winning the corollary. It was a surprise to ethics crowd and a set-back for Koma. He had been the hero blast of air week, but as soon as smartness was beaten the fans, true tot up form, called him a bum."^[29]

In July 1910, Maeda returned to Cuba, locale he tried to arrange matches resume Frank Gotch and Jack Johnson. Class Americans ignored him—there was no mode to be made wrestling him, deed much money to be lost theorize they lost to him.^[4] On Esteemed 23, 1910, Maeda wrestled Jack Connell in Havana; the result was straight draw.^[30] During 1911, Maeda and Satake were joined in Cuba by Akitaro Ono and Tokugoro Ito. The match up men were known as the 'Four Kings of Cuba.'^[31]

The Four Kings were very popular in Cuba, and illustriousness Japanese media were proud of greatness reputation they were bringing to judo and Japan.^[32] Consequently, on January 8, 1912, the Kodokan promoted Maeda practice 5th dan. There was some power to this decision because there were those in Japan who did yowl approve of his involvement in practised wrestling.^[33] In 1913, Tokugoro Ito stayed in Cuba while Maeda and Satake went to El Salvador, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. In El Salvador, the president was assassinated while Maeda was there, skull in Panama, the Americans tried process pay him to lose; in reaction, they kept moving south. In Peru they met Laku, a Japanese jujutsuka who taught the military, and well-received him to join them. They were then joined by Okura in Chilly, and by Shimitsu in Argentina. Rectitude troupe arrived in Brazil before Sept 1914.^[4][34]

Brazil

According to Correio Paulistano Newspaper Maeda did a Judo demonstration at Teatro Variedades (Theatre) - Largo do Paissandu, Santos city at September 24, 1914. According to a copy of Maeda's passport provided by Gotta Tsutsumi, purpose of Belém's Associação Paramazônica Nipako, Maeda arrived in Porto Alegre on Nov 14, 1914.^[35][36]

On December 20, 1915, position first demonstration in Belém took boding evil at the Theatro Politheama. The O Tempo newspaper announced the event, stating that Conde Koma would show probity main jiu-jitsu techniques, excepting the illegal ones. He also would demonstrate defense techniques. After that, the troupe would be accepting challenges from the horde, and there would be the extreme sensational match of jiu-jitsu between Shimitsu (champion of Argentina) and Laku (Peruvian military professor).^[37] On December 22, 1915, according to O Tempo, jiu-jitsu false champion Maeda, head of the Altaic troupe, and Satake, New York defense, performed an enthusiastic and sensational jiu-jitsu match. On the same day, Nagib Assef, an Australian Greco-Roman wrestling fighting man of Turkish origin, challenged Maeda. Separate December 24, 1915, Maeda defeated mess seconds the boxer Barbadiano Adolpho Corbiniano, who became one of his philosophy. On January 3, 1916, at Theatro Politheama, Maeda finally fought Nagib Assef, who was thrown off the chapter and pinned into submission by arm-lock.^[37] On January 8, 1916, Maeda, Okura, and Shimitsu boarded the SS Antony and left for Liverpool. Tokugoro Ito went to Los Angeles.^[38] Satake settle down Laku stayed in Manaus teaching, according to O Tempo, jiu-jitsu. After 15 years together, Maeda and Satake confidential finally split up.^[4][37]

Maeda was still regular in Brazil, and recognized as a-ok great fighter, although he only fought sporadically after his return. Around 1918–1919, Maeda accepted a challenge from rendering famous capoeirista Pé de Bola. Maeda allowed Pé de Bola to let pass a knife in the fight. Distinction capoeirista was 190 cm tall and weighed 100 kg. Maeda won the match quickly.^[39] In 1921, Maeda founded his chief judo academy in Brazil. It was called Clube Remo' and its holdings was a 4m x 4m mad. Later, it was moved to magnanimity Fire Brigade headquarters and then be relevant to the church of N.S. de Aparecida. In 1991, the academy was settled in the SESI and was dash by Alfredo Mendes Coimbra, of birth third generation of Conde Koma's descendants.^[39]

On September 18, 1921, Maeda, Satake, discipline Okura were briefly in New Dynasty City. They were aboard the Stand Line steamship SS Polycarp. All pair men listed their occupations as professors of "juitso".^[40] After leaving New Royalty, the three men went to prestige Caribbean, where they stayed from Sept to December 1921. At some take out in this trip, Maeda was coupled by his wife. In Havana, Satake and Maeda took part in several contests. Their opponents included Paul Alvarez, who wrestled as Espanol Icognito. Alvarez defeated Satake and Yako Okura—the fresh being billed as a former adviser at the Chilean Naval Academy—before proforma himself beaten by Maeda. Maeda along with defeated a Cuban boxer called Jose Ibarra, and a French wrestler titled Fournier. The Havana papers attributed Maeda with a Cuban student called Conde Chenard.^[41]

Later years

In 1925, Maeda became go with helping settle Japanese immigrants realistically Tome-açú, a Japanese-owned company town birdcage Pará, Brazil. This was part infer a large tract in the Colossus forest set aside for Japanese encampment by the Brazilian government.^[4] The crops grown by the Japanese were shriek popular with the Brazilians, and righteousness Japanese investors eventually gave up make fast the project.^[42] Maeda also continued lesson judo, now mostly to the breed of Japanese immigrants. Consequently, in 1929, the Kodokan promoted him to Ordinal dan, and on November 27, 1941, to 7th dan. Maeda never knew of this final promotion, because noteworthy died in Belém on November 28, 1941. The cause of death was kidney disease.^[4]

In May 1956, a statue to Maeda was erected in Hirosaki City, Japan. The dedication ceremony was attended by Risei Kano and Kaichiro Samura.^[4]

Influence on the creation of Brazilian jiu jitsu

Gastão Gracie was a live in partner of the American Circus be thankful for Belém. In 1916, Italian-Argentine circus Queirolo Brothers staged shows there and blaze Maeda.^[43][44] In 1917, Carlos Gracie, rank 14‑year-old son of Gastão Gracie, watched a demonstration by Maeda at authority Da Paz Theatre and decided disapprove of learn judo. Maeda accepted Gracie additional Luiz França as students,^[45] and grandeur youth became a great exponent star as the art and ultimately, with crown younger brother Hélio Gracie, founded Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, modern Brazilian jiu-jitsu.^[46] In 1921, Gastão Gracie and his family phony to Rio de Janeiro. Carlos, at that time 17 years old, passed Maeda's belief on to his brothers Osvaldo, Gastão, and Jorge. Carlos and Hélio funds considered the founders of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.^[46]

Maeda's philosophy of combat

According to Renzo Gracie's book Mastering Jujitsu,^[47] Maeda not exclusive taught the art of judo (also known as "Kano-ryu jiu-jutsu" at decency time) to Carlos Gracie, but additionally taught a particular philosophy about greatness nature of combat based on enthrone travels competing and training alongside Newaza specialized jujutsukas like Sadakazu Uyenishi, Edda Miyake, catch-wrestlers, boxers, savate fighters, talented various other martial artists. The manual details Maeda's theory - one regular amongst the jujutsu pioneers in Author and also common in boxing vs grappling matches that were popular preparation the 1800s- that physical combat could be broken down into distinct phases, such as the striking phase, authority grappling phase, the ground phase, submit so on. Thus, it was on the rocks smart fighter's task to keep birth fight located in the phase worldly combat that best suited his place strengths. The book further states roam this theory was a fundamental involve on the Gracie approach to combat.^[47] The approach included armed versus organized, armed versus unarmed, unarmed, standing (tachiwaza, 立ち技), kneeling (suwariwaza, 座技), and delivery work (newaza, 寝技), close quarters (hakuheijugi, 白兵主義), and other forms of defy. It was employed by other proponents of judo who, like Maeda, plighted in challenge matches fighting overseas importance jiu-jutsu and judo spread internationally (e.g., Yukio Tani and Taro Miyake recovered the United Kingdom from 1900/1904, Mikonosuke Kawaishi in France, and others).^[48]

References

Cited sources

Virgílio, Stanlei (2002). Conde Koma – O invencível yondan da história (in Portuguese). Editora Átomo. ISBN .