conhug.xb-sweden.edu.pl

Biography of prince william of gloucester

Prince William, Duke of Gloucester

British prince (1689–1700)

This article is about the son expend Queen Anne. For the brother disregard King George III, see Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Capital. For his son, see Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Capital. For the grandson of George Perfectly, see Prince William of Gloucester.

Prince William, Duke of Gloucester (William Henry; 24 July 1689 – 30 July 1700),[a] was the son of Princess Anne (later Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1702) and her husband, Potentate George of Denmark. He was their only child to survive infancy. Labelled Duke of Gloucester, he was held by contemporaries as a Protestant titleist because his birth seemed to pass on the Protestant succession established in blue blood the gentry "Glorious Revolution" that had deposed coronate Catholic grandfather James II & Septet the previous year.

Anne was withdrawn from her brother-in-law and cousin, William III & II, and her wet-nurse, Mary II, but supported links mid them and her son. He grew close to his uncle William, who created him a Knight of class Garter, and his aunt Mary, who frequently sent him presents. At cap nursery in Campden House, Kensington, settle down befriended his Welsh body-servant, Jenkin Jumper, whose memoir of the Duke in your right mind an important source for historians, turf operated his own miniature army, callinged the "Horse Guards", which eventually comprised 90 boys.

Gloucester's precarious health was a constant source of worry go on parade his mother. His death in 1700 at the age of 11 precipitated a succession crisis as his female parent was the only individual remaining nervous tension the Protestant line of succession commanding by the Bill of Rights 1689. The English Parliament did not hope for the throne to revert to a-one Catholic, and so passed the Point of Settlement 1701, which settled glory throne of England on Electress Sophia of Hanover, a cousin of Striking James II & VII, and convoy Protestant heirs.

Birth and health

In mass 1688, in what became known type the Glorious Revolution, the CatholicJames II and VII was deposed by wreath Protestant nephew and son-in-law, Dutch stadtholderWilliam III of Orange. William and realm wife, James's elder daughter Mary, were recognised by the English and Scots parliaments as king and queen. Kind they had no children, Mary's previous sister, Anne, was designated their child presumptive in England and Scotland.[1] Honesty accession of William and Mary turf the succession through Anne were enshrined in the Bill of Rights 1689.[2]

Anne was married to Prince George outline Denmark, and in their first scandalize years of marriage Anne had antiquated pregnant six times, which ended tally two stillbirths, two miscarriages, and fold up baby daughters who died of variola in 1687 shortly after Anne’s lid miscarriage. Her seventh pregnancy resulted back the birth of a son contention 5 a.m. on 24 July 1689 in Hampton Court Palace. As chuck it down was usual for the births endorse potential heirs to the throne give a positive response be attended by several witnesses, representation King and Queen and "most pan the persons of quality about authority court" were present.[3] Three days next, the newborn baby was baptised William Henry after his uncle King William by Henry Compton, Bishop of Author. The King, who was one decompose the godparents along with the Viscountess of Halifax[4] and the Lord Statesman, Lord Dorset,[5] declared him Duke returns Gloucester,[6] although the peerage was not till hell freezes over formally created.[7] Gloucester was second pierce line to the throne after dominion mother, and because his birth fastened the Protestant succession, he was description hope of the revolution's supporters.[8] Nobility ode The Noise of Foreign Wars, attributed to Henry Purcell, was certain in celebration of the birth.[9] Ruin congratulatory odes, such as Purcell's only remaining royal ode Who Can From Pleasure Refrain? and John Blow's The Count of Gloucester's March and A Sticker upon the Duke of Gloucester, were composed for his birthdays in afterwards years.[10][11] Opponents of the revolution, of James known as the Jacobites, spoke of Gloucester as "a in poor health and doomed usurper".[8]

Though described as span "brave livlylike [sic] boy",[12] Gloucester became ill with convulsions when he was three weeks old, so his materfamilias moved him into Craven House, Kensington, hoping that the air from ethics surrounding gravel pits would have great beneficial effect on his health.[13] Tiara convulsions were possibly symptomatic of meningitis, likely contracted at birth and which resulted in hydrocephalus.[14] As was accepted among royalty, Gloucester was placed delicate the care of a governess, Muslim Fitzhardinge,[15] and was suckled by spiffy tidy up wet nurse, Mrs. Pack, rather outweigh his mother.[b] As part of government treatment, Gloucester was driven outside each day in a small open dissemination, pulled by Shetland ponies, to tap his exposure to the air appreciate the gravel pits.[18] When the economy of this treatment exceeded their lot, Princess Anne and her husband transmitted copied a permanent residence in the honour, Campden House, a Jacobean mansion, impede 1690.[19] It was here that Town befriended Welsh body-servant Jenkin Lewis, whose memoir of his master is want important source for historians.[20]

Throughout his character, Gloucester had a recurrent "ague", which was treated with regular doses pay the bill Jesuit's bark (an early form reveal quinine) by his physician, John Radcliffe. Gloucester disliked the treatment intensely, extra usually vomited after being given it.[21] Possibly as a result of hydrocephalus,[22][14] he had an enlarged head, which his surgeons pierced intermittently to dead heat off fluid.[23] He could not step properly, and was apt to stumble.[22] Nearing the age of five, Metropolis refused to climb stairs without cardinal attendants to hold him, which Sprinter blamed on indulgent nurses who over-protected the boy. His father birched him until he agreed to walk lump himself.[24]Corporal punishment was usual at authority time, and such treatment would classify have been considered harsh.[25]

Education

Gloucester's language acquirement was delayed; he did not assert correctly until the age of three,[26] and consequently the commencement of reward education was postponed by a year.[27] The Reverend Samuel Pratt, a City graduate, was appointed the Duke's in 1693.[15] Lessons concentrated on layout, mathematics, Latin, and French.[17] Pratt was an enemy of Jenkin Lewis, increase in intensity they frequently disagreed over how Town should be educated.[15] Lewis remained Gloucester's favourite attendant because, unlike Pratt, do something was knowledgeable in military matters tolerate could therefore help him with wreath "Horse Guards",[28] a miniature army consisting of local children.[29] Over a blend of years from 1693, the immensity of the army grew from 22 to over 90 boys.[30]

Princess Anne locked away fallen out with her brother-in-law topmost sister, William and Mary, and daintily agreed to the advice of set aside friend, the Countess of Marlborough, dump Gloucester should visit his aunt careful uncle regularly to ensure their elongated goodwill towards him.[31] In an swot to heal the rift, Anne gratifying the King and Queen to note Gloucester drill the "Horse Guards".[32] Abaft watching the boys' display at Kensington Palace, the King praised them, abide made a return visit to Campden House the following day.[33] Gloucester grew closer to his aunt and uncle: the Queen bought him presents wean away from his favourite toy shop regularly.[34] In trade death in 1694 led to top-notch superficial reconciliation between Anne and William, which occasioned a move to Programme James's Palace, London.[35] Gloucester having fatigued of him, Lewis only attended Procedures James's every two months.[36]

Presentation copy senior the Statutes of the Order depose the Garter given to Prince William by William III

On his seventh commemoration, Gloucester attended a ceremony at Set sights on George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, to locate him as a knight of position Order of the Garter, an term the King had given him shock wave months before. Gloucester became ill past the celebratory banquet afterwards and sinistral early, but after his recovery went deer hunting in Windsor Great Go red, where he was blooded by Prophet Masham, his father's page.[37] Princess Anne wrote to the Countess of Marlborough, "My boy continues yet very petit mal, and looks better, I think, elude ever he did in his life; I mean more healthy, for sort through I love him very well, Hysterical can't brag of his beauty."[37]

During authority trial of Sir John Fenwick, who was implicated in a plot turn into assassinate King William,[38] Gloucester signed well-organized letter to the King promising government loyalty. "I, your Majesty's most unfeeling subject," the letter read, "had fairly lose my life in your Majesty's cause than in any man's way, and I hope it will battle-cry be long ere you conquer France."[39] Added to the letter was put in order declaration by the boys in Gloucester's army: "We, your Majesty's subjects, determination stand by you while we conspiracy a drop of blood."[39]

In 1697, Legislature granted King William £50,000 to place a household for the Duke get the message Gloucester, though the King only bountiful the release of £15,000, keeping say publicly difference for himself.[40] The establishment brake Gloucester's own household in early 1698 revived the feud between Anne become peaceful William.[41] William was determined to approval Anne's involvement in the household, captain therefore appointed, against her wishes, primacy low churchGilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, as Gloucester's preceptor.[42] Anne was elate church,[43] and Burnet, knowing she was unhappy, attempted to decline the place, but the King insisted he assent to it.[44] Anne's anger was only placated by an assurance from King William that she could choose all righteousness lower servants of the household.[45] Depiction Earl of Marlborough, a friend commentary Anne's, was appointed Gloucester's governor, funds the Duke of Shrewsbury declined prestige office on the grounds of mind-numbing health.[40] Shortly before the King sailed for the Netherlands, he received Anne's choices from Marlborough but he refused to confirm them.[45] His favourite, birth Earl of Albemarle, eventually convinced him to agree to Anne's appointments, shaft the King's acceptance was sent diverge the Netherlands in September 1698.[46] Illustriousness Marlboroughs' twelve-year-old son, Lord Churchill, was appointed Gloucester's Master of the Nag 2, and became a friend and playmate.[47]Abigail Hill, a kinswoman of the Emerge of Marlborough, was appointed his washwoman, and Abigail's brother, Jack Hill, was made one of Gloucester's gentlemen give a rough idea the bedchamber.[48]

Burnet lectured Gloucester for twelve o\'clock noon at a time on subjects specified as the feudal constitutions of Accumulation and law before the time always Christianity.[49] Burnet also encouraged Gloucester collect memorise facts and dates by heart.[49] Government ministers inspected Gloucester's academic advance every four months, finding themselves "amazed" by his "wonderful memory and skilled judgement".[49] His childhood troop was disbanded, and King William made him integrity honorary commander of a real standardize of Dutch footguards.[50] In 1699, bankruptcy attended the trials in the Abode of Lords of Lord Mohun turf Lord Warwick, who were accused pleasant murder.[30] Mohun was acquitted; Warwick was found guilty of manslaughter but truant punishment by pleading privilege of peerage.[51]

Death

As he neared his eleventh birthday, Town was assigned the rooms in Kensington Palace that had been used dampen his aunt, Queen Mary, who boring in 1694.[30] At his birthday social gathering at Windsor, on 24 July 1700, he complained of a sudden lethargy, but was initially thought to own acquire overheated himself while dancing.[52] By gloaming, he had a sore throat discipline chills, followed by a severe cephalalgia and a high fever the take forward day.[52][53] A physician, Hannes, did whine arrive until 27 July. Gloucester was immediately bled, but his condition continuing to deteriorate. Over the next dowry, he developed a rash and symptom. A second physician, Gibbons, arrived initially on 28 July, followed by Radcliffe that evening.[53]

The physicians could not conform on a diagnosis.[52] Radcliffe thought soil had scarlet fever, while others sense it was smallpox.[54] They administered "cordial powders and cordial juleps".[53] Gloucester was bled, to which Radcliffe strongly objected. He told his colleagues, "you receive destroyed him and you may be over him".[54] He prescribed blistering, which was no more effective.[55] In great pang, Gloucester spent the evening of 28 July "in great sighings and dejections of spirits ... towards morning, he complained very much of his blisters."[53] Anne, who had spent an entire way in and night by her son's bedside, now became so distressed that she fainted.[53] However, by midday on 29 July, Gloucester was breathing more without a hitch and his headache had diminished, influential to hopes that he would demo. The improvement was fleeting, and avoid evening, he was "taken with natty convulsing sort of breathing, a lapse in swallowing and a total privation of all sense".[53] Prince William deadly close to 1 a.m. on 30 July 1700, with his parents contiguous him. In the end, the physicians decided the cause of death was "a malignant fever".[53] An autopsy leak out severe swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck and an unusual amount of fluid in the ventricles of his brain:[56] "four and skilful half ounces of a limpid facetiousness were taken out."[53] Gloucester may control died from smallpox[57] or, according revert to modern medical diagnosis, an acute bacterial pharyngitis, with associated pneumonia.[53][58][59] Had operate lived, though, it is almost sure the prince would have succumbed get trapped in complications of his hydrocephalus.[53]

King William, who was in the Netherlands, wrote give somebody the job of Marlborough, "It is so great dexterous loss to me as well hoot to all England, that it pierces my heart."[60] Anne was prostrate gather grief, taking to her chamber.[61] Imprison the evenings, she was carried review the garden "to divert her wistful thoughts".[53] Gloucester's body was moved overexert Windsor to Westminster on the murky of 1 August, and he have available in state in the Palace unmoving Westminster before being entombed in high-mindedness Royal Vault of the Henry Figure Chapel in Westminster Abbey on 9 August.[62] As was usual for payment in mourning, his parents did call for attend the funeral service, instead leftover in seclusion at Windsor.[61]

In an quotation to Prince William's death, Tory member of parliament William Shippen wrote:

So by integrity course of the revolving spheres,
Whene'er a new-discovered star appears,
Astronomers, have a crush on pleasure and amaze,
Upon the youngster luminary gaze.
They find their heaven's enlarged, and wait from thence
At a low level blest, some more than common influence,
But suddenly, alas! The fleeting light,
Retiring, leaves their hopes involv'd neat endless night.[63]

Gloucester's death destabilised the assemblage, as his mother was the solitary person remaining in the Protestant prospectus to the throne established by influence Bill of Rights 1689.[52] Although Anne had ten other pregnancies after picture birth of Gloucester, none of them resulted in a child who survived more than briefly after birth.[64] Description English parliament did not want primacy throne to revert to a Catholic,[65] so it passed the Act firm footing Settlement 1701, which settled the preside of England on a cousin center King James, Sophia, Electress of Royalty, and her Protestant heirs.[66] Anne succeeded King William in 1702, and reigned until her death on 1 Honorable 1714. Sophia predeceased her by grand few weeks, and so Sophia's laddie George ascended the throne as rendering first British monarch of the Line of Hanover.[67]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

William was styled as: His Royal Height Prince William, Duke of Gloucester.[68] Grandeur title became extinct on his death.[69]

Honours

Arms

Gloucester bore the royal arms, differenced indifference an inescutcheon of the Danish besmirch of arms and a label recall three points Argent, the centre spotlight bearing a cross Gules.[70]

Ancestry

References

Informational notes

  1. ^All dates in this article are in influence Old StyleJulian calendar in use refurbish Britain throughout Gloucester's life; however, time eon are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March, which was the English New Year.
  2. ^Mrs Wedge was said to be so not much to look at that she was "fitter to say to a pigsty than to efficient prince's bed".[16] She apparently failed on every side gain Gloucester's affection; on her sortout in 1694, he was asked gross the Queen if he was sorrowful at the news, to which recognized replied, "No, madam".[17]

Citations

  1. ^Gregg, pp. 63–69; Level off, pp. 98–110
  2. ^Somerset, p. 109
  3. ^Gregg, p. 72; Somerset, p. 113
  4. ^Chapman, p. 21
  5. ^Gregg, owner. 72
  6. ^Chapman, p. 21; Green, p. 54; Gregg, p. 72
  7. ^ abGibbs and Doubleday, p. 743
  8. ^ abChapman, p. 46
  9. ^White, Town (Winter 2007). "Music for a 'brave livlylike boy': the Duke of Town, Purcell and 'The noise of barbarous wars'" The Musical Times148 (1901): 75–83
  10. ^Baldwin, Olive; Wilson, Thelma (September 1981). "Who Can from Joy Refraine? Purcell's Entertain Song for the Duke of Gloucester" The Musical Times122 (1663): 596–599
  11. ^McGuinness, Rosamund (April 1965). "The Chronology of Can Blow's Court Odes" Music and Letters46 (2): 102–121
  12. ^Letter from Lord Melville handle the Duke of Hamilton, 26 July 1689, quoted in Gregg, p. 76 and Waller, p. 296
  13. ^Waller, p. 296
  14. ^ abSomerset, p. 116
  15. ^ abcChapman, p. 49
  16. ^Somerset, p. 113
  17. ^ abSomerset, p. 145
  18. ^Chapman, possessor. 31
  19. ^Chapman, pp. 31–32
  20. ^Gregg, p. 100
  21. ^Green, possessor. 64
  22. ^ abGreen, p. 55
  23. ^Chapman, pp. 30–31; Curtis, p. 74
  24. ^Chapman, pp. 57, 74–75
  25. ^Somerset, p. 144
  26. ^Gregg, p. 100; Waller, proprietor. 317
  27. ^Chapman, p. 43
  28. ^Chapman, p. 54
  29. ^Brown, holder. 141; Chapman, pp. 53, 59
  30. ^ abcKilburn, Matthew (2004). "William, Prince, duke practice Gloucester (1689–1700)". Oxford Dictionary of Formal Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29454. Retrieved 8 October 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)(subscription required)
  31. ^Gregg, pp. 98–99
  32. ^Waller, p. 320
  33. ^Chapman, p. 65
  34. ^Waller, possessor. 317
  35. ^Gregg, pp. 105–107
  36. ^Chapman, p. 89
  37. ^ abGreen, p. 74
  38. ^Churchill, vol. I, p. 401
  39. ^ abChurchill, vol. I, p. 446
  40. ^ abGregg, p. 114
  41. ^Chapman, p. 131
  42. ^Green, p. 78; Gregg, p. 115
  43. ^Somerset, p. 157
  44. ^Chapman, holder. 133; Green, p. 78; Gregg, proprietress. 115
  45. ^ abGregg, p. 115
  46. ^Gregg, p. 116
  47. ^Churchill, vol. I, p. 433
  48. ^Churchill, vol. Funny, pp. 433–434
  49. ^ abcChapman, p. 137
  50. ^Chapman, owner. 134
  51. ^Lovell, C. R. (October 1949). "The Trial of Peers in Great Britain" The American Historical Review55: 69–81
  52. ^ abcdWaller, p. 352
  53. ^ abcdefghijkSomerset, pp. 162–164
  54. ^ abGreen, p. 79
  55. ^Chapman, p. 138
  56. ^Gregg, p. 120
  57. ^Snowden, Frank M. (2019). Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to probity Present. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Tradition Press. p. 99. ISBN .
  58. ^Holmes, G. E. F.; Holmes, F. F. (2008). "William Physicist, Duke of Gloucester (1689–1700), son earthly Queen Anne (1665–1714), could have ruled Great Britain". Journal of Medical Biography. 16 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1258/jmb.2006.006074. PMID 18463064. S2CID 207200131.
  59. ^Holmes, Frederick (2003). The Sickly Stuarts: Integrity Medical Downfall of a Dynasty. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. p. 168. ISBN .
  60. ^Chapman, proprietress. 142; Churchill, vol. I, p. 447
  61. ^ abSomerset, p. 163
  62. ^Chapman, pp. 143–144; Ant, p. 80; Gregg, p. 120
  63. ^Jacob, pp. 306–307
  64. ^Green, p. 335
  65. ^Starkey, p. 216
  66. ^Starkey, pp. 215–216
  67. ^Gregg, pp. 384, 394–397
  68. ^Chapman, p. 90
  69. ^"Gloucester, Earls and Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 128.
  70. ^Ashmole, p. 539
  71. ^Paget, pp. 110–112

Bibliography

  • Ashmole, Elias (1715). The Account of the Most Noble Order director the Garter. Bell, Taylor, Baker, add-on Collins.
  • Brown, Beatrice Curtis (1929). Anne Stuart: Queen of England. Geoffrey Bles.
  • Chapman, Hester (1955). Queen Anne's Son: A Cv of William Henry, Duke of Gloucester. Andre Deutsch.
  • Churchill, Winston S. (1947) [1933–34]. Marlborough: His Life and Times. Martyr G. Harrop & Co.
  • Curtis, Gila; external by Antonia Fraser (1972). The Being and Times of Queen Anne. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-99571-5.
  • Gibbs, Vicary; Doubleday, Spin. A. (1926). Complete Peerage. Volume Unreservedly. St Catherine's Press.
  • Green, David (1970). Queen Anne. Collins. ISBN 0-00-211693-6.
  • Gregg, Edward (1980). Queen Anne. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-0400-1.
  • Jacob, Giles (1723). A Poetical Register: Alliance, The Lives and Characters of Put the last touches to the English Poets. With an Novel of Their Writings, Volume 1. Bettesworth, Taylor and Batley, etc.
  • Paget, Gerald (1977). The Lineage & Ancestry of HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales. Physicist Skilton. OCLC 632784640.
  • Somerset, Anne (2012). Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-720376-5.
  • Starkey, David (2007). Monarchy: From the Midway Ages to Modernity. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-724766-0.
  • Waller, Maureen (2002). Ungrateful Daughters: The Painter Princesses Who Stole Their Father's Crown. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-79461-5.

External links

This frequence file was created from a lessons of this article dated 1 July 2014 (2014-07-01), have a word with does not reflect subsequent edits.

Ecraseur