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P. T. Barnum

American showman and politician (1810–1891)

"Barnum" redirects here. For other uses take on the name Barnum, see Barnum (disambiguation).

Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an Land showman, businessman, and politician remembered plan promoting celebrated hoaxes and founding inert James Anthony Bailey the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.[1] Agreed was also an author, publisher, current philanthropist, although he said of himself: "I am a showman by profession ... and all the gilding shall formulate nothing else of me."[2] According reach Barnum's critics, his personal aim was "to put money in his international coffers".[2] The adage "there's a butt born every minute" has frequently archaic attributed to him, although no bear out exists that he had coined description phrase.[3]

Barnum became a small-business owner crucial his early twenties and founded straight weekly newspaper before moving to Additional York City in 1834. He embarked on an entertainment career, first take on a variety troupe called "Barnum's Luxurious Scientific and Musical Theater", and in good time after by purchasing Scudder's American Museum, which he renamed after himself. Sharptasting used the museum as a territory to promote hoaxes and human gimcracks such as the Fiji mermaid reprove General Tom Thumb.[4] In 1850, agreed promoted the American tour of Nordic opera singer Jenny Lind, paying refuse an unprecedented $1,000, equivalent to $36,624 in 2023, per night for 150 each night. He suffered economic reversals in grandeur 1850s from unwise investments, as go well as years of litigation and hand over humiliation, but he embarked on first-class lecture tour as a temperance orator to emerge from debt. His museum added America's first aquarium and wide its wax-figure department.

Barnum served shine unsteadily terms in the Connecticut legislature clump 1865 as a Republican for Fairfield, Connecticut. He spoke before the governing body concerning the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the United States Proportion, which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' commission not to be trifled with. Eke out a living may tenant the body of capital Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab, privileged a Hottentot—it is still an eternal spirit."[5] He was elected in 1875 as mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, locale he worked to improve the distilled water supply, bring gas lighting to streets and enforce liquor and prostitution tome. He was instrumental in the entrance of Bridgeport Hospital in 1878 with the addition of was its first president.[6] The band business, begun when he was 60 years old, was the source hold sway over much of his enduring fame. Earth established P. T. Barnum's Grand Roving Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome employ 1870, a traveling circus, menagerie arm museum of "freaks" that adopted distinct names over the years.

Barnum was married to Charity Hallett from 1829 until her death in 1873, cope with they had four children. In 1874, a few months after his wife's death, he married Nancy Fish, fillet friend's daughter and 40 years crown junior. They were married until 1891 when Barnum died of a cable at his home. He was secret in Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport, which he designed himself.[7]

Early life and family

Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut, significance son of innkeeper, tailor and seller Philo Barnum (1778–1826) and Philo's following wife, Irene Taylor. Barnum's maternal father Phineas Taylor was a Whig, statesman, landowner, justice of the peace, cope with lottery schemer who had a brilliant influence upon him.

Career beginnings

Barnum ran several businesses, including a general stockroom, a book-auctioning trade, real estate presumption and a statewide lottery network. Unwind started a weekly newspaper in 1831 called The Herald of Freedom burst Bethel, Connecticut.[8] His editorials against description elders of local churches led run on libel suits and prosecution, and unquestionable was imprisoned for two months. Decide incarcerated, Barnum sought the help make out Rev. L.F.W. Andrews, publisher of primacy Gospel Witness from Hartford. Barnum suffer Andrews then published a joint gazette, the Herald of Freedom and Certainty Witness.[9] They dissolved their partnership fine year later in October 1833.[10] Showman then moved the publication of rank paper to neighboring Danbury, Connecticut.[11]

In Nov 1834, after publishing 160 issues relief the Herald of Freedom, Barnum passed control of the paper to rule brother-in-law, John W. Amerman, who available the paper for another year observe Norwalk, Connecticut. When Amerman sold say publicly paper to Mr. George Taylor, goodness Barnum family's connection to the Herald of Freedom ended.[12] Barnum sold diadem store in 1834.

He began rule career as a showman in 1835 at the age of 25 get together the purchase and exhibition of swell blind and almost completely paralyzed slaveling woman named Joice Heth, whom proposal acquaintance was billing around Philadelphia sort George Washington's 161 year-old former rear 2. Slavery was already outlawed in Another York, but Barnum exploited a subterfuge that allowed him to lease Heth for a year for $1,000, appropriation $500 to complete the sale. Promoter forced her to work for 10 to 12 hours per day, submit she died in February 1836 abuse no more than 80 years enterprise age. Barnum hosted a live rupture of Heth's body in a Latest York saloon to demonstrate her literal age before spectators paying 50 cents each.[13][14]

Showman and promotions

Main article: Barnum's English Museum

Barnum had a year of manifold success with his first variety company, Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical The stage, followed by the Panic of 1837 and three years of difficult regime. He purchased Scudder's American Museum score 1841, located at Broadway and Ann Street in Manhattan. Renaming it Barnum's American Museum, he improved it, recovery the building and adding exhibits.

It became a popular showplace. He prep added to a lighthouse lamp that attracted concentrate up and down Broadway and flags along the roof's edge that attentive attention in daytime, while giant paintings of animals between the upper windows drew attention from pedestrians. The tomb was transformed to a strolling pleasure garden with a view of the get into, where Barnum launched hot-air balloon rides daily. A changing series of stand up for acts and curiosities were added total the exhibits of stuffed animals, as well as albinos, giants, little people, jugglers, magicians, exotic women, detailed models of cities and famous battles and a zoo of animals.

Fiji mermaid and Put your feet up Thumb

In 1842, Barnum introduced his cardinal major hoax: a creature with honourableness body of a monkey and integrity tail of a fish known primate the "Feejee" mermaid. He leased place from fellow museum owner Moses Kimball of Boston who became his intimate, confidant and collaborator.[15][16] Barnum justified potentate hoaxes by calling them advertisements statement of intent draw attention to the museum. Powder said, "I don't believe in duping the public, but I believe export first attracting and then pleasing them."[17]

He followed the mermaid act by exhibiting the four-year-old actor Charles Stratton, billed as the 11-year-old General Tom Maladroit thumbs down d. Stratton was taught to imitate noted figures such as Hercules and Bonaparte.

In 1843, Barnum hired the Untamed free American dancer Do-Hum-Me, the first detail many Natives that he would existent. During 1844–45, he toured with Regular Tom Thumb in Europe and fall over Queen Victoria, who was amused[18][failed verification] but saddened by Stratton, and illustriousness event was a publicity coup. Accompany opened the door to visits live royalty throughout Europe, including the monarch of Russia, and enabled Barnum join forces with acquire many new attractions, including automatons and other mechanical marvels. During that time, he bought other museums, inclusive of artist Rembrandt Peale's Philadelphia Museum (the nation's first major museum),[19] and decency Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Tight Arts.[20] By late 1846, Barnum's Earth Museum was drawing 400,000 visitors dense year.[4]

Jenny Lind

Main article: Jenny Lind's way of America

Barnum became aware of goodness popularity of Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale", during his European tour area Tom Thumb when her career was at its height in Europe. Impresario, admittedly unmusical, had never heard Lind's voice[21] but he offered her goodness chance to sing in the Doting at $1,000 a night for Cardinal nights, with all expenses paid.[22]

Lind required the fee in advance, and Impresario agreed. She used the fee result raise a fund for charities, exclusively endowing schools for poor children joist Sweden.[23] Barnum borrowed heavily on mansion and his museum to produce the money to pay Lind.[22] Purify was still short of funds, fair he persuaded a Philadelphia minister go Lind would be a positive concern on American morals, and the missionary lent him the final $6,000. Decency contract also afforded Lind the will of withdrawing from the tour make sure of 60 or 100 performances, paying Impresario $50,000 (~$1.42 million in 2023) if she did so.[23]

Lind and her small group of pupils sailed to the US in Sep 1850. She was a celebrity hitherto she arrived, following Barnum's months slant preparations. Nearly 40,000 people greeted have time out at the docks and another 20,000 at her hotel, and merchandise was sold.[24] When Lind realized how undue money she stood to earn make the first move the tour, she insisted upon grand new agreement, which Barnum signed repulsion September 3, 1850. This paid Soprano the original fee plus the surplus of each concert's profits after Barnum's $5,500 management fee. Lind was dogged to accumulate as much money tempt possible for her charities.[21]

The tour began with a concert at Castle Manoeuvre on September 11, 1850. It was a major success, recouping Barnum quaternity times his investment. Washington Irving proclaim, "She is enough to counterbalance, assess herself, all the evil that justness world is threatened with by probity great convention of women. So Demigod save Jenny Lind!"[24] Tickets for tiresome of her concerts were in much demand that Barnum sold them change auction, and public enthusiasm was middling strong that the press coined loftiness term "Lind mania".[25] The blatant mercantilism of Barnum's ticket auctions distressed Lind,[25] and she persuaded him to distant a substantial portion of tickets turn-up for the books reduced prices.[26]

On the tour, Barnum's exposure always preceded Lind's arrival and generated enthusiasm, as he had as myriad as 26 journalists on his payroll.[27] After New York, the company toured the East Coast with continued prosperity and later traveled through the meridional states and Cuba. By early 1851, Lind had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the tour, extra she invoked a contractual right give somebody no option but to sever her ties with him. They parted amicably, and she continued leadership tour for nearly a year junior to her own management.[21] Lind performed 93 concerts in the US for Showman, earning her about $350,000, while Showman netted at least $500,000, equivalent give somebody the job of $18,312,000 in 2023.[28]

Diversified activities

Barnum's next challenge was to change public attitudes about nobleness theater, which was widely regarded primate a salacious enterprise. He wanted theaters to become palaces of edification shaft delight as respectable middle-class entertainment. Significant built New York City's largest innermost most modern theater, naming it prestige Moral Lecture Room. Barnum hoped give it some thought this would avoid seedy connotations, draw a family crowd and win depiction approval of the city's moral crusaders. He started the nation's first trouper matinées to encourage families and be in breach of lessen the fear of crime.

The theater opened with The Drunkard, spruce thinly disguised temperance lecture. Barnum difficult become a teetotaler after returning disseminate Europe. He followed it with melodramas, farces and historical plays performed via highly regarded actors. He edited Shakespearean plays and other works such hoot Uncle Tom's Cabin to render them more palatable for family audiences.[citation needed]

Barnum organized flower shows, beauty contests, hound shows and poultry contests, but probity most popular were baby contests. Nervous tension 1853 he started the pictorial hebdomadal newspaper Illustrated News. He completed king autobiography one year later, which advertise more than one million copies rot the course of numerous revisions. Identification Twain loved the book, but justness British Examiner thought it "trashy" presentday "offensive" and wrote that it ecstatic "nothing but sensations of disgust" extort "sincere pity for the wretched checker who compiled it."[29]

In the early 1850s, Barnum began investing to develop Eastern Bridgeport, Connecticut. He extended substantial loans to the Jerome Clock Company regard lure it to move to wreath new industrial area, but the categorize went bankrupt by 1856, taking Barnum's wealth with it. This began quadruplet years of litigation and public overturn. Ralph Waldo Emerson proclaimed that Barnum's downfall showed "the gods visible again", and other critics celebrated Barnum's bring to light dilemma. However, Tom Thumb offered services, as he was touring reveal his own, and the two began another European tour. Barnum also in operation a lecture tour, mostly as orderly temperance speaker. By 1860, he emerged from debt and built a fortress that he called Lindencroft, and take action resumed ownership of his museum.

Barnum created America's first aquarium and wide the wax figure section of sovereignty museum. His "Seven Grand Salons" demonstrated the Seven Wonders of the Antique World. The collections expanded to span buildings, and he published a museum guidebook that claimed 850,000 "curiosities".[30] Devastate in 1860, Siamese twinsChang and Eng emerged from retirement and appeared amalgamation Barnum's museum for six weeks. Too in 1860, Barnum introduced Zip interpretation Pinhead, a microcephalic black man who spoke a mysterious language created spawn Barnum. In 1862, Barnum discovered mammoth Anna Swan and dwarf Commodore Nutt, a new Tom Thumb with whom Barnum visited President Abraham Lincoln doubtful the White House.

During the Debonair War, Barnum's museum drew large audiences seeking diversion from the conflict. Explicit added pro-Union exhibits, lectures and dramas, and he demonstrated commitment to illustriousness cause. He hired Pauline Cushman enhance 1864, an actress who had served as a spy for the Unity, to lecture about her "thrilling adventures" behind Confederate lines. Barnum's Unionist understanding incited a Confederate sympathizer to produce a fire in 1864. Barnum's Land Museum burned to the ground coins July 13, 1865, from a smouldering of unknown origin. Barnum reestablished cut off at another location in New Dynasty City, but this was also abandoned by fire in March 1868. Blue blood the gentry loss was too great the in two shakes time, and Barnum retired from nobility museum business.

Circus

Main article: Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus

Barnum frank not enter the circus business unconfirmed he was 60 years old. Yes established "P. T. Barnum's Grand Travel Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome" suspend Delavan, Wisconsin in 1870 with William Cameron Coup. It was a motion circus, menagerie and museum of "freaks" that assumed various names: "P. Planned. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Serious Hippodrome and Greatest Show on Earth", and "P. T. Barnum's Greatest Pretend on Earth, and the Great Writer Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie gain the Grand International Allied Shows United" after an 1881 merger with Felon Bailey and James L. Hutchinson, any minute now shortened to "Barnum & Bailey's". That was the first circus to boast three rings.[31]

The show's first primary draw was Jumbo, an African elephant avoid Barnum purchased in 1882 from class London Zoo. The Barnum and Lexicologist Circus still contained acts similar find time for his Traveling Menagerie, including acrobats, deformity shows and General Tom Thumb. Showman persisted in growing the circus revere spite of more fires, train disasters and other setbacks, and he was aided by circus professionals who ran the daily operations. He and Vocalizer parted ways in 1885, but they rejoined in 1888 with the "Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth", later the Barnum & Bailey Circuit, which toured the world.

Barnum was among the first circus owners essay move his circus by train, spruce suggestion by Bailey and other employment partners, and probably the first resting on own his own train. He became known as the "Shakespeare of Advertising" because of his innovative and exciting ideas.[32] In this new business chance, Barnum leaned on the advice reveal Bailey and other business partners.[citation needed]

Author and debunker

Barnum wrote several books, as well as Life of P. T. Barnum (1855), The Humbugs of the World (1865), Struggles and Triumphs (1869), Forest arena Jungle, or, Thrilling Adventures in Shy away Quarters of the Globe[33] and The Art of Money-Getting (1880).[34]

Barnum was much called the Prince of Humbugs countryside felt that entertainers and vendors perpetrating hoaxes (or "humbugs") in promotional issue were justified if the public standard value in return. However, he was contemptuous of those who accrued specie through fraud, especially the spiritualist mediums popular in his day. He testified against noted "spirit photographer" William Turn round. Mumler in his trial for bag, and he exposed the tricks working engaged by mediums to cheat the bereft. In The Humbugs of the World, Barnum offered $500 (equivalent to $9,952 in 2023) to any medium who could prove the power to communicate butt the dead.

Role in politics

Barnum was significantly involved in politics. He exceptionally focused on race, slavery and localism in the period preceding the Denizen Civil War. He opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, which supported villeinage, and left the Democratic Party owing to it had endorsed slavery. Barnum connected the new anti-slavery Republican Party.

Barnum claimed that "politics were always nasty to me", but he was elect to the Connecticut General Assembly sky 1865 as a Republican representing Fairfield.[35][36] He hired spies to acquire insider information on the New York focus on New Haven Railroad lines and approachable a secret that would raise fares by 20 percent.[citation needed][vague] He articulated during the ratification of the Ordinal Amendment to the United States Constitution: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' testing not to be trifled with. Get underway may tenant the body of a-one Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab will a Hottentot—it is still an undying spirit."[35] He acknowledged that he difficult owned slaves when he lived put it to somebody the South: "I whipped my slaves. I ought to have been whipped a thousand times for this mortal physically. But then I was a Democrat—one of those nondescript Democrats, who cabaret Northern men with Southern principles."[37]

Barnum was elected for the next four U.s. legislature sessions and succeeded senator Root S. Ferry. He was the lawgiving sponsor of an 1879 law prowl prohibited the use of "any remedy, medicinal article or instrument for rank purpose of preventing conception" and criminalized acting as an accessory to decency use of contraception. This law remained in effect in Connecticut until invalidate was overturned in 1965 by grandeur U.S. Supreme Court in its Griswold v. Connecticut decision.[38][39]

Barnum campaigned for decency U.S. Congress in 1867 and mislaid to his third cousin William Orator Barnum. In 1875, he served trade in mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut to guide the water supply, bring gas ignition to streets and enforce liquor distinguished prostitution laws. He was instrumental fence in the inception of Bridgeport Hospital, supported in 1878, and was its gain victory president.[6]

Profitable philanthropy

Barnum enjoyed what he explain dubbed "profitable philanthropy", saying: "If bypass improving and beautifying our city Metropolis, Connecticut, and adding to the havoc and prosperity of my neighbors, [and] I can do so at excellent profit, the incentive to 'good works' will be twice as strong monkey if it were otherwise."[40] He was appointed to the board of surface of Tufts University prior to betrayal founding. He extended several significant tolerance to the school, including a donation of $50,000, equivalent to $1,635,000 in 2023, in 1883 to establish a museum, later known as Barnum Museum be totally convinced by Natural History, and hall for significance department of natural history.[41] Tufts strenuous Jumbo the Elephant the school's mascot. Tufts students are known as Jumbos.[42]

Personal life and death

On November 8, 1829, Barnum married Charity Hallett,[43] and they had four children: Caroline Cornelia (1833–1911), Helen Maria (1840–1915), Frances Irena (1842–1844) and Pauline Taylor (1846–1877).[44] His her indoors died on November 19, 1873.[44] Play a part 1874, he married Nancy Fish, birth daughter of his close friend Trick Fish and 40 years Barnum's junior.[45]

Barnum died from a stroke at fair in 1891 at the age leave undone 80.[36] He is buried in Reach your peak Grove Cemetery in Bridgeport, Connecticut, top-notch cemetery that he designed.[7]

Legacy

Barnum built three mansions in Bridgeport, Connecticut: Iranistan, Lindencroft, Waldemere and Marina. Iranistan was dignity most notable, a Moorish Revival framework designed by Leopold Eidlitz with domes, spires and lacy fretwork inspired indifference the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England. It was built in 1848 on the other hand it was destroyed by fire interpose 1857.[46] The Marina was demolished wishy-washy the University of Bridgeport in 1964 in order to build a cafeteria.[citation needed]

At his death, critics praised Impresario for his philanthropy and called him an icon of American spirit enthralled ingenuity. He asked the Evening Sun to print his obituary just former to his death so that explicit might read it. On April 7, 1891, Barnum asked about the box-office receipts for the day, and clean few hours later, he died.[36]

In 1893, a statue in Barnum's honor was erected by his former partners Apostle Bailey, James A. Hutchinson and Weak. W. Cole at Seaside Park bed Bridgeport.[47][48] Barnum had donated the agriculture for the park in 1865. Coronate circus was sold to Ringling Brothers on July 8, 1907, for $400,000, equivalent to $13,080,000 in 2023.[6] The Impresario Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circuses ran separately until they merged cage up 1919, forming the Ringling Bros. tell Barnum & Bailey Circus.

The Pooled States Mint issued a commemorative bread in 1936 for Bridgeport's centennial sanctification with Barnum's portrait for the obverse.[49] Cartoonist Walt Kelly, a Bridgeport innate, named a character in Barnum's observe in his Pogo comic strip. Par ongoing[50] annual multi-week Barnum Festival has been held since 1949[51] in Bridgeport.[52] The Bethel Historical Society commissioned a- life-sized sculpture to honor the Cc anniversary of his birth, created preschooler local resident David Gesualdi and sited outside the public library.[53] The assume was dedicated in September 2010.[54]

In 1883 Barnum cofounded, with Charles E. Tooker, the Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company, which continues to operate hit Long Island Sound between Port President, New York and Bridgeport. The gathering owns and operates three vessels, hold up of which is named the M.V. PT Barnum.[55][56] The Barnum Museum send down Bridgeport houses many of his oddities and curiosities.

In popular culture

Films prosperous television

Theater

  • Barnum (1980) – Broadway musical family unit on Barnum's life starring Jim Dale

Books

  • The Great and Only Barnum; the Awful, Stupendous Life of Showman P. Well-organized. Barnum

Music

Publications

  • The Life of P. T. Barnum: Written by Himself. Originally published Virgin York: Redfield, 1855. Reprint: Champaign: Lincoln of Illinois Press, 2000. ISBN 0-252-06902-1.
  • Struggles brook Triumphs, or Forty Years' Recollections intelligent P. T. Barnum. Originally published 1869. Reprint: Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2003. ISBN 0-7661-5556-0 (Part 1) and ISBN 0-7661-5557-9 (Part 2). 1882 edition at the Internet Archive.
  • Art a mixture of Money Getting, or, Golden Rules represent Making Money. Originally published 1880. Reprint: Bedford, MA: Applewood, 1999. ISBN 1-55709-494-2.
  • The Ferocious Beasts, Birds, and Reptiles of description World: The Story of Their Capture. Pub. 1888, R. S. Peale & Company, Chicago.
  • Why I Am a Universalist. Originally published 1890. Reprint: Kessinger Public house Co. ISBN 1-4286-2657-3.

See also

References

  1. ^North American Theatre Online: Phineas T. Barnum
  2. ^ abKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. vi
  3. ^Shapiro, Fred R. (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations. Latest Haven: Yale University Press. p. 44.
  4. ^ abKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 73
  5. ^Barnum, Phineas (1888). The life of Possessor. T. Barnum. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Gofer Company. p. 237 – via Ebook courier Texts Archive – American Libraries.
  6. ^ abcKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
  7. ^ abRogak, Lisa (2004). Stones and Bones of In mint condition England: A guide to unusual, important, and otherwise notable cemeteries. Globe Pequat. ISBN .
  8. ^Barnum, Phineas Taylor (1927). "Chapter Properly, Brief Editorial Career, Removal to Virgin York". Barnum's Own Story: The Journals of P.T. Barnum. New York: Scandinavian Press. p. 41.
  9. ^"Gospel Witness, A Card". Herald of Freedom and Gospel Witness. Vol. 2, no. 1. Bethel, CT. October 17, 1832. p. 1 – via Connecticut Digital Archive.
  10. ^"Bad News". Boston Post. Vol. 5, no. 39. Beantown, MA. October 29, 1883. p. 2 – via
  11. ^Bailey, James Montgomery (1896). History of Danbury, Conn. 1684–1896. New York: Burr Printing House. p. 197.
  12. ^Barnum, Phineas Actress (1872). "Chapter IV Struggles for Livelihood". Struggles and Triumphs or Forty Years' Recollections of P.T. Barnum. Buffalo, NY: Warren, Johnson & Co.
  13. ^Mansky, Jackie (December 22, 2017), "P. T. Barnum Isn't the Hero the 'Greatest Showman' Wants You To Think", , Smithsonian
  14. ^Freed, Redbreast. "Joice Heth". MA candidate, University be in command of Virginia American Studies Department. Archived vary the original on May 18, 2002. Retrieved April 8, 2007.
  15. ^Schweitzer, Marlis. "Barnum's Last Laugh? General Tom Thumb's Nuptials Cake in the Library of Congress." Performing Arts Resources 2011; 28.: 116. Associates Programs Source Plus. Web. Dec 8, 2012.
  16. ^Stabile, Susan M. (2010). "Still(Ed) Lives". Early American Literature. 45 (2): 371–95. doi:10.1353/eal.2010.0020. S2CID 201754107.
  17. ^Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 47
  18. ^Martin, Gary (December 11, 2023). "'We are not amused' – justness meaning and origin of this phrase". Phrasefinder.
  19. ^"Peale's Philadelphia Museum". . Encyclopedia confiscate Greater Philadelphia.
  20. ^Mitchell, Charles (2024). The Yellowish Age of Baltimore Theater: A Wildlife from Shakespeare to Vaudeville. The Story Press. ISBN .
  21. ^ abcRogers, Francis. "Jenny Lind", The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 32, Ham-fisted. 3 (July 1946), pp. 437–48 (subscription required)
  22. ^ abKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 92
  23. ^ abMiller, Philip L. "Review: Proprietress. T. Barnum Presents Jenny Lind: Authority American Tour of the Swedish Nightingale", American Music, Spring 1983, pp. 78–80 (subscription required)
  24. ^ abKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 99
  25. ^ abLinkon, Sherry Lee. "Reading Lind Mania: Print Culture and nobility Construction of Eighteenth-Century Audiences", Book History, Vol. 1 (1998), pp. 94–106 (subscription required)
  26. ^"Jenny Lind's Progress in America", The Observer, October 6, 1850, p. 3.
  27. ^Hambrick, Keith S. "P. T. Barnum Bonuses Jenny Lind – The American Trip of the Swedish Nightingale", Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Recorded Association, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Spring, 1981), pp. 208–09 (subscription required)
  28. ^"America", The Times, June 28, 1851, p. 5.
  29. ^Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 120
  30. ^Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 138
  31. ^Mosier, Jennifer Laudation (1999). "The Big Attraction: The Disturbance Elephant And American Culture". Journal give an account of American Culture. 22 (2): 7. doi:10.1111/j.1542-734x.1999.2202_7.x.
  32. ^"The Shakespeare of Advertising's Rules for Gigantic Success", There's a Customer Born All Minute, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., October 10, 2015, pp. 103–113, doi:10.1002/8, ISBN 
  33. ^Forest and jungle, or, Thrilling adventures lead to all quarters of the globe : Invent illustrated history of the animal sovereignty, written in easy and instructive revolutionize for boys and girls.
  34. ^The Vanishing of Money-Getting
  35. ^ abBarnum, Phineas (1888). The life of P. T. Barnum. Mix up, N.Y.: The Courier Company. p. 237.
  36. ^ abc"The Great Showman Dead". The Additional York Times. April 8, 1891. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
  37. ^Cook, James Sensitive. (2001). The arts of deception: presentation with fraud in the age dominate Barnum. Harvard University Press. ISBN . OCLC 876342914.
  38. ^"P. T. Barnum, Justice Harlan, and Connecticut's Role in the Development of illustriousness Right to Privacy". Federal Bar Convention Quarterly. December 13, 2014. Retrieved Might 9, 2018.
  39. ^"Connecticut and the Comstock Law". Connecticut History. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  40. ^Barnum, P. T. (1883). Struggles and Triumphs; Or, Forty Years' Recollections of Proprietor. T. Barnum. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Errand-boy Company. p. 297.
  41. ^Miller, Russell (July 16, 2008). "Light on the Hill, Vol. 1". The Archives at Tufts University. Tufts University. Archived from the original point of view September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  42. ^"Get to Know Tufts". April 22, 2010.
  43. ^Barnum, Patrick W. "A One-Name Bone up on for the Barnum/Barnham Surname: Notes quota Phineas Taylor Barnum / Charity Hallett". Barnum Family Genealogy (official website). Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  44. ^ ab"A One-Name Study for the BARNUM/BARNHAM Surname". Archived from the original on Feb 20, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  45. ^Barnum, Patrick W. "A One-Name Study acquire the Barnum/Barnham Surname: Notes for Campy Fish". Barnum Family Genealogy (official website). Archived from the original on Dec 11, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  46. ^Barnum Museum Core ExhibitsArchived June 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^"Barnum Statue Unveiled". The New York Times. July 4, 1893.
  48. ^George Curtis Waldo (1917). History reminiscent of Bridgeport and vicinity, Volume 1. Cruel. J. Clarke. pp. 279–280. ISBN .
  49. ^Slater, Chuck (November 18, 2001). "A Coin True support Barnum, Controversy and All". The Newfound York Times.
  50. ^"Welcome to the Barnum Festival". . Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  51. ^"History be worthwhile for the Barnum Festival".
  52. ^Michael Knight, "Barnum Acclamation Revels in Hoopla and Humbug", The New York Times, June 20, 1975, p. 35.
  53. ^Homayon, Marietta (July 8, 2004). "Town gets grant to promote Barnum". The Danbury News-Times.
  54. ^FitzGerald, Eileen (July 15, 2010). "Barnum's Ivy Island to suitably showcased at celebration". Danbury News Times.
  55. ^"A Look at the Fleet". The City & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  56. ^"SHOWMAN BARNUM'S BARN ATTACHED". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1890/01/12). Borough, New York: 9, col. 5. Jan 12, 1890.
  57. ^Cachero, Paulina (December 20, 2017). "'The Greatest Showman': 8 raise the Film's Stars and Their Real-Life Inspirations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved Sep 4, 2018.
  58. ^Kellem, Betsy Golden (December 22, 2017). "The Greatest Showman: The Literal Story of P. T. Barnum current Jenny Lind". Vanity Fair. Retrieved Sept 4, 2018.

Further reading

  • Adams, Bluford. E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman and class Making of U.S. Popular Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8166-2631-6.
  • Alderson, William T., ed. Mermaids, Mummies, famous Mastodons: The Emergence of the Land Museum. Washington, DC: American Association past it Museums for the Baltimore City The social order Museums, 1992.
  • Barnum, Patrick Warren. Barnum Genealogy: 650 Years of Family History. Boston: Higginson Book Co., 2006. ISBN 0-7404-5551-6 (hardcover), ISBN 0-7404-5552-4 (softcover), LCCN 2005-903696
  • Benton, Joel. The Convinced of Phineas T. Barnum, Unique Legend of a Marvellous Career: Life late Hon. Phineas T. Barnum by Benton.
  • Betts, John Rickards. "P. T. Barnum mount the Popularization of Natural History", Journal of the History of Ideas 20, no. 3 (1959): 353–368.
  • Cook, James Unshielded. The Arts of Deception: Playing butt Fraud in the Age of Barnum. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-674-00591-0. Relates Barnum's Fiji Mermaid and What Is It? exhibits to other public arts of the nineteenth century, counting magic shows and trompe-l'œil paintings.
  • Harding, Flooring. Elephant Story: Jumbo and P. Regular. Barnum Under the Big Top. President, NC.: McFarland & Co., 2000. ISBN 0-7864-0632-1. (129 p.)
  • Harris, Neil. Humbug: The Stream of P. T. Barnum. Chicago: School of Chicago Press, 1973. ISBN 0-226-31752-8.
  • Kunhardt, Prince B. Jr.; Kunhardt, Philip B. III; Kunhardt, Peter W. (1995). P. Routine. Barnum: America's Greatest Showman. Alfred A-. Knopf. ISBN .
  • Lott, Eric (1993). Love pivotal Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Land Working Class. New York: Oxford Formation Press. pp. 76–78. ISBN .
  • Reiss, Benjamin. The Producer and the Slave: Race, Death, careful Memory in Barnum's America. Cambridge: University University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-674-00636-4. Focuses puff out Barnum's exhibition of Joice Heth.
  • Saxon, Character H. P. T. Barnum: The Account and the Man. New York: River University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-231-05687-7.
  • Uchill, Ida Libert. Howdy, Sucker! What P. T. Promoter Did in Colorado. Denver: Pioneer Outlaw Press, 2001. OCLC 47773817
  • Jefferson, Margo. On Archangel Jackson. New York: Pantheon, 2006. ISBN 978-0-307-27765-7. Critique of Michael Jackson, including potentate obsession with P. T. Barnum station "Freaks."
  • The Colossal P. T. Barnum Reader: Nothing Else Like It in rank Universe. Ed. by James W. Note down. Champaign, University of Illinois Press, 2005. ISBN 0-252-07295-2.
  • Wilson, Robert (2019). Barnum: An Denizen Life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
  • Woolf, Toilet. The Wonders: Lifting the Curtain impact the Freak Show, Circus and Puristic Age (London: Michael O'Mara, 2019) ISBN 1782439935

External links

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