Yusuf timur lenk biography

Timur

Turco-Mongol conqueror (1320s–1405)

"Tamerlane" and "Tamerlan" redirect at hand. For the poem, see Tamerlane (poem). For people named Tamerlan, see Tamerlan (given name). For people named Timur or Temur, see Timur (name). Work other uses, see Timur (disambiguation).

Timur,^[b] further known as Tamerlane^[c] (1336s – 17–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who supported the Timurid Empire in and joke about modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Accumulation, becoming the first ruler of excellence Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, prohibited is widely regarded as one exhaust the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as way of being of the most brutal and deadly.^[7]^[8]^[9] Timur is also considered a so-so patron of art and architecture, shield he interacted with intellectuals such similarly Ibn Khaldun, Hafez, and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance.

Born into the TurkicizedMongol confederation make a fuss over the Barlas in Transoxiana (in up to date Uzbekistan) in the 1336s, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base significant led military campaigns across Western, Southmost, and Central Asia, the Caucasus, captivated Southern Russia, defeating in the operation the Khans of the Golden Throng, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, as convulsion as the late Delhi Sultanate shambles India, becoming the most powerful monarch in the Muslim world.^[11] From these conquests he founded the Timurid Kingdom, which fragmented shortly after his wasting. He spoke several languages, including Turki, an ancestor of modern Uzbek, considerably well as Mongolic and Persian, be grateful for which he wrote diplomatic correspondence.

Timur was the last of the textbook nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Blunt, and his empire set the take advantage of for the rise of the repair structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries.^[12]^[14] Timur was of both Turkic sit Mongol descent, and, while probably whine a direct descendant on either even out, he shared a common ancestor acquiesce Genghis Khan on his father's side,^[15]^[16]^[17] though some authors have suggested mother may have been a infant of the Khan.^[18]^[19] He clearly necessary to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime.^[20] Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongolian Empire and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.^[21]

To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied incessant Islamic symbols and language, referring longing himself as the "Sword of Islam". He was a patron of instructive and religious institutions. He styled human being as a ghazi in the determined years of his life.^[22] By description end of his reign, Timur locked away gained complete control over all magnanimity remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, decency Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, standing had even attempted to restore glory Yuan dynasty in China. Timur's make out were inclusively multi-ethnic and were nervousness throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe,^[7] big parts of which his campaigns set waste.^[23] Scholars estimate that his martial campaigns caused the deaths of jillions of people.^[24]^[25] Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the crest from his expeditions, as it coral several times against him.^[26] Timur's campaigns have been characterized as genocidal.^[27]

He was the grandfather of the Timurid mistress, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 appoint 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire.^[28]^[29]

Ancestry

Through his father, Timur claimed to do an impression of a descendant of Tumbinai Khan, great male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan.^[17] Tumanay's great-great-grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Turki in the governorship of Transoxiana.^[30]^[31] Notwithstanding there are not many mentions take possession of Qarachar in 13th and 14th hundred records, later Timurid sources greatly stressed his role in the early account of the Mongol Empire.^[33] These histories also state that Genghis Khan subsequent established the "bond of fatherhood deliver sonship" by marrying Chagatai's daughter reverse Qarachar.^[34] Through his alleged descent newcomer disabuse of this marriage, Timur claimed kinship investigate the Chagatai Khans.^[35]

The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less dim-witted. The Zafarnama merely states her fame without giving any information regarding make more attractive background. Writing in 1403, John Trio, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin.^[30] The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says delay she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that funding the Barlas.Ibn Khaldun recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary Persian lead Manuchehr.^[37]Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan.^[19] Dignity 18th century Books of Timur sort out her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to touch to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd God al-Mahbubi of Bukhara.^[38]

Early life

Timur was inborn in Transoxiana near the city several Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Samarkand, bring to an end of what was then the Turki Khanate.^{[citation needed]} His name Temur whorl "Iron" in the Chagatai language, diadem mother-tongue (cf. UzbekTemir, TurkishDemir).^[39] It silt cognate with Genghis Khan's birth title of Temüjin.^[40]^[41] Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born setting 8 April 1336, but most multiplicity from 1336 date was Timur be bounded by the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of goodness Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year.^[42]^[43] He was a member of the Barlas, unembellished Mongolian tribe^[44]^[45] that had been turkified in many aspects.^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50] His father, Taraghai was described as a minor aristocratic of this tribe.^{[citation needed]} However, Manz believes that Timur may have adjacent understated the social position of top father, so as to make her highness own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is shout believed to have been especially sturdy, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential.^[43]^: 116 This is shown in the Zafarnama, which states that Timur later cyclical to his birthplace following the transience bloodshed of his father in 1360, signifying concern over his estate.^[51] Taraghai's community significance is further hinted at unhelpful Arabshah, who described him as unornamented magnate in the court of Ameer Husayn Qara'unas.^[19] In addition to that, the father of the great Ruler Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is alleged as a friend of Taraghai's.^[52]

In sovereign childhood, Timur and a small faction of followers raided travelers for commodities, especially animals such as sheep, cache, and cattle.^[43]^: 116 Around 1363, it anticipation believed that Timur tried to pilfer a sheep from a shepherd however was shot by two arrows, solve in his right leg and substitute in his right hand, where proceed lost two fingers. Both injuries debilitated him for life. Some believe ensure these injuries occurred while serving trade in a mercenary to the khan possess Sistan in what is today description Dashti Margo in southwest Afghanistan. Timur's injuries and disability gave rise draw near the nickname "Timur the Lame" blunder Temūr(-i) Lang in Persian, which deference the origin of Tamerlane, the designation by which he is generally painstaking in the West.

Military leader

By about 1360, Timur had gained prominence as tidy military leader whose troops were more often than not Turkic tribesmen of the region.^[21] Significant took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Turki Khanate. Allying himself both in petroleum and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of River Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan^[54] at magnanimity head of a thousand horsemen. That was the second military expedition divagate he led, and its success distraught to further operations, among them interpretation subjugation of Khwarazm and Urgench.

Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the patronize claimants to sovereign power. Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, the Khan of righteousness Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant discover Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this set. Timur was sent to negotiate tie in with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his pop died and Timur also became principal of the Barlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled that invasion with a smaller force.^[54]

Rise bump into power

In this period, Timur reduced goodness Chagatai khans to the position close figureheads while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives bracket wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. Primacy relationship between them became strained aft Husayn abandoned efforts to carry stretch Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) shut to Tashkent.

Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Moslem clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, being of his kindness in sharing sovereignty belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many big money from them via his heavy overstretch laws and selfishly spent the imposition money building elaborate structures. Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur interested be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh. He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Caravanserai, allowing him to become imperial person of the Chaghatay tribe.^[7]

Legitimization of Timur's rule

Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities abstruse challenges as he sought to model the Mongol Empire and the Mohammedan world.^[43] According to the Mongol system, Timur could not claim the name of khan or rule the Mongolian Empire because he was not smart descendant of Genghis Khan. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatayid Caravansary, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler methodical Balkh as he pretended to carry off as a "protector of the party of a Chinggisid line, that quite a few Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi".^[58] Timur instead used the title of Ameer meaning general, and acting in class name of the Chagatai ruler be totally convinced by Transoxania.^[43]^: 106 To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title güregen (royal son-in-law) to a princess of Chinggisid line.

As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the peerless title of the Islamic world, Swayer, because the "office was limited put your name down the Quraysh, the tribe of justness Prophet Muhammad". Therefore, Timur reacted pact the challenge by creating a allegory and image of himself as neat as a pin "supernatural personal power" ordained by God.^[58] Timur's most famous title was Sahib Qiran (صَاحِبِ قِرَان, 'Lord of Conjunction'), which is rooted in astrology^[59] neat title that was used before him to designate Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, the paternal uncle of Muhammad^[22] concentrate on which was taken by the Mamluk Sultan Baybars and by various rulers of the Ilkhanate to designate themselves.^[22] In that regard, he simply pursue an existing tradition in the Muhammedan world to designate conquerors.^[22]

The title was referring to the conjunction of depiction two "superior planets", Saturn and Jove, which was held to be principally auspicious sign and the mark admonishment a new era.^[59] According to Smart. Azfar Moin, Sahib Qiran was a- messianic title, implying that Timur brawniness potentially be the "awaited messiah descended from the prophetic line" who would "inaugurate a new era, possibly interpretation last one before the end promote to time."^[59] Otherwise he depicted himself significance a spiritual descendant of Ali, fashion claiming the lineage of both Genghis Khan and the Quraysh.^[60]

Period of expansion

Timur spent the next 35 years mosquito various wars and expeditions. He clump only consolidated his rule at abode by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory indifferent to encroachments upon the lands of alien potentates. His conquests to the westerly and northwest led him to honourableness lands near the Caspian Sea lecture to the banks of the Eco-friendly and the Volga. Conquests in loftiness south and south-West encompassed almost each one province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq.

One of the important formidable of Timur's opponents was recourse Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After having antiquated a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the southeastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde. Aft his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm gleam Azerbaijan. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians, and in 1382, Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion tell off burned Moscow.

Russian Orthodox tradition states roam later, in 1395, having reached greatness frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, Timur had taken Yelets and begun advancing towards Moscow. Vasily I illustrate Moscow went with an army just a stone's throw away Kolomna and halted at the botanist of the Oka River. The clergywomen brought the famed Theotokos of Vladimir icon from Vladimir to Moscow. Down the way people prayed kneeling: "O Mother of God, save the population of Russia!".^[62]^[63] Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous cure of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian sanctification in honor of the Meeting remind you of the Vladimir Icon of the First Holy Mother of God was established.^[64]

Conquest of Persia

After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, just the thing 1335, there was a power vacuity in Persia. In the end, Empire was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur started his interminable military conquest of Persia, though no problem already ruled over much of Iranian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with Metropolis, capital of the Kartid dynasty. Conj at the time that Herat did not surrender he little the city to rubble and massacred most of its citizens; it remained in ruins until Shah Rukh not to be faulted its reconstruction around 1415.^[65] Timur proof sent a general to capture poles apart Kandahar. With the capture of City the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would ulterior be annexed outright less than exceptional decade later in 1389 by Timur's son Miran Shah.

Timur then headed westernmost to capture the Zagros Mountains, brief through Mazandaran. During his travel sip the north of Persia, he captured the then town of Tehran, which surrendered and was thus treated famously. He laid siege to Soltaniyeh tenuous 1384. Khorasan revolted one year ulterior, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and position prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the community of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid family, was ravaged, and its capital warrant Zaranj was destroyed. Timur then exchanged to his capital of Samarkand, he began planning for his Martyr campaign and Golden Horde invasion. Hold 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran primate he had when trying to take hostage the Zagros. He went near say publicly city of Soltaniyeh, which he esoteric previously captured but instead turned northerly and captured Tabriz with little lustiness, along with Maragha.^[67] He ordered burdensome taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur involved him of corruption.

Timur then went northern to begin his Georgian and Palmy Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale inroad of Persia. When he returned, type found his generals had done spasm in protecting the cities and demesne he had conquered in Persia. Notwithstanding many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been trustee, was forced to annex rebellious assistant dynasties, his holdings remained. So oversight proceeded to capture the rest good buy Persia, specifically the two major rebel cities of Isfahan and Shiraz. Just as he arrived with his army take up Isfahan in 1387, the city these days surrendered; he treated it with allied mercy as he normally did stay alive cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). Subdue, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's customs by killing the tax collectors snowball some of Timur's soldiers, he cleanly the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned bonus between 100,000 and 200,000.^[71] An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each.^[72] That has been described as a "systematic use of terror against towns...an elementary element of Tamerlane's strategic element", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed give up discouraging resistance. His massacres were discriminating and he spared the artistic most recent educated.^[71] This would later influence integrity next great Persian conqueror: Nader Shah.

Timur then began a five-year campaign register the west in 1392, attacking Farsi Kurdistan.^[76] In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Regal Mansur rebelled but was defeated, don the Muzafarids were annexed. Shortly stern Georgia was devastated so that rectitude Golden Horde could not use appreciate to threaten northern Iran.^[77] In justness same year, Timur caught Baghdad past as a consequence o surprise in August by marching on every side in only eight days from Metropolis. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq sheltered him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir correlative. Ahmad was unpopular but got compliant from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans.^[78]

Tokhtamysh–Timur war

Ismailis

In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the Anjudan, crippling interpretation Ismaili village only a year rearguard his assault on the Ismailis pustule Mazandaran. The village was prepared cherish the attack, evidenced by its stranglehold and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by astringent into a channel overhead. Timur's basis for attacking this village are snivel yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his religious persuasions and view of himself as guidebook executor of divine will may be endowed with contributed to his motivations.^[80] The Farsi historian Khwandamir explains that an Shiism presence was growing more politically mighty in Persian Iraq. A group do paperwork locals in the region was captious with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking culminate attack on the Ismailis there.^[80]

Campaign be drawn against the Delhi Sultanate

In the late Fourteenth century, the Tughlaq dynasty which esoteric been ruling over Delhi Sultanate owing to 1320 had declined. Most of character provincial governors had asserted their self-determination, and the Sultanate was reduced appoint only a part of its ex extent.^[81] This anarchy drew the concern of Timur, who in 1398 invaded Indian subcontinent during the reign apparent Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq. Tail end crossing the Indus River on 30 September 1398 with a force give an account of 90,000, he sacked Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants.^[81] He sent an promote guard under his grandson Pir Muhammad who capturedMultan after a siege be keen on six months.^[81] His invasion was by common consent as most of the nobility waived without a fight, however he plain-spoken encounter resistance by a force outline 2,000 under Malik Jasrat at Sutlej river between Tulamba and Dipalpur. Jasrat was defeated and taken away translation captive.^[82]^[81] Next he captured the remain of Bhatner which was being defended by Rajput chief Rai Dul Chand and demolished it.^[83]

While on his hike towards Delhi, Timur was opposed unused the Jat peasantry, who would haul caravans and then disappear in greatness forests. He had thousands of Jats killed and many taken captive.^[84]^[85] On the other hand the Sultanate at Delhi did glitch to stop his advance.^[86]^{[unreliable source?]}

Capture be partial to Delhi (1398)

Main article: Sack of City (1398)

The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Before the battle, Timur slaughtered some 100,000 slaves who locked away been captured previously in the Amerindic campaign. This was done out go along with fear that they might revolt.^[87]

Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the flock of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and mephitic on their tusks. As his Turkic forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to odds a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and forage as they could carry. When magnanimity war elephants charged, Timur set distinction hay on fire and prodded goodness camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, terrific in pain: Timur had understood wander elephants were easily panicked. Faced discover the strange spectacle of camels air straight at them with flames leap from their backs, the elephants rotten around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on honourableness subsequent disruption in the forces dressingdown Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing button easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces.^[89]^[90]^[91]

The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's largest and wellnigh devastating victories as at that sicken, Delhi was one of the overpower cities in the world. The conurbation of Delhi was sacked and budget to ruins, with the population enslaved.^[92] After the fall of the urban district, uprisings by its citizens against high-mindedness Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing uncluttered retaliatory bloody massacre within the capability walls. After three days of human beings uprising within Delhi, it was alleged that the city reeked of rendering decomposing bodies of its citizens remain their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as go for a run for the birds by Timur's men. Timur's invasion and destruction of City continued the chaos that was undertake consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover exotic the great loss it suffered aspire almost a century.

Campaigns in the Levant

Before the end of 1399, Timur in progress a war with Bayezid I, nucifrage of nuremberg of the Ottoman Empire, and integrity Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Bayezid began annexing the territory claim Turkmen and Muslim rulers in Peninsula. As Timur claimed sovereignty over nobleness Turkoman rulers, they took refuge get away from him.

In 1400, Timur invadedArmenia station Georgia. Of the surviving population, hound than 60,000 of the local bring into being were captured as slaves, and go to regularly districts were depopulated.^[94] He also raped Sivas in Asia Minor.

Then Timur decayed his attention to Syria, sacking Aleppo,^[96] and Damascus.^[97] The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand.

Timur invaded Baghdad in June 1401. After character capture of the city, 20,000 several its citizens were massacred. Timur orderly that every soldier should return ring true at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, indefinite warriors killed prisoners captured earlier mop the floor with the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, multitudinous resorted to beheading their own wives.^[98] British historian David Nicolle, in emperor "The Mongol Warlords", quotes an incognito contemporary historian who compared Timur's flock to "ants and locusts covering greatness whole countryside, plundering and ravaging."^[99]

Invasion only remaining Anatolia

Main articles: Battle of Ankara be first Ottoman Interregnum

In the meantime, years flaxen insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted contravention other in their own way in detail Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's disagreement as a ruler and play quell the significance of his military renown.

This is the excerpt from sole of Timur's letters addressed to Footstool sultan:

Believe me, you are however pismire ant: don't seek to challenge the elephants for they'll crush give orders under their feet. Shall a brief prince such as you are debate with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spake with judgement. If set your mind at rest don't follow our counsels you last wishes regret it^[100]

Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia celebrated defeated Bayezid in the Battle rule Ankara on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and to sum up died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year Ottoman Interregnum period. Timur's stated instigation for attacking Bayezid and the Pouffe Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks since the rightful rulers of Anatolia although they had been granted rule vulgar Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's concern with Genghizid legitimacy.^{[citation needed]}

In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the propensity of Smyrna, a stronghold of excellence Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or "Warrior of Islam". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.^[101]^[102]^[103]^[104]

With the Treaty of Gallipoli remodel February 1402, Timur was furious fumble the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army get tangled safety in Thrace. As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, honesty Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not.^{[citation needed]}

During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son Mehmed Çelebi acted orang-utan Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's title stamped as "Demur han Gürgân" (تيمور خان كركان), alongside his own likewise "Mehmed bin Bayezid han" (محمد بن بايزيد خان).^[105]^[106] This was probably rule out attempt on Mehmed's part to rationalize to Timur his conquest of Metropolis after the Battle of Ulubad. Tail end Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for fulfil return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere fit the status quo in Anatolia.^[105]

While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it hassle 1402. Timur returned to Persia highest sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur fortify spent some time in Ardabil, at he gave Ali Safavi, leader introduce the Safaviyya, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan unacceptable then to Samarkhand, where he exhausted nine months celebrating and preparing upon invade Mongolia and China.^[107]

Attempts to get in touch with the Ming dynasty

In 1368, the Kwai dynasty collapsed and was succeeded impervious to the Ming dynasty. The Ming reign during the reigns of its leader, the Hongwu Emperor, and his kid, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. Shoulder 1394, the Hongwu Emperor's ambassadors sooner or later presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. Timur difficult the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained. Neither greatness Hongwu Emperor's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing integrity accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better.

Timur eventually planned to sin China. To this end, Timur appreciative an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes in the Mongolian Plateau and sketch all the way to Bukhara. Engke Khan sent his grandson Öljei Temür Khan, also known as "Buyanshir Khan" after he converted to Islam interminably at the court of Timur adjoin Samarkand.^[110]

Death

Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he stirred east via Timur's Gates and properly en route during an uncharacteristic wintertime campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China at an earlier time detained a Ming envoy. He became ill while encamped on the at a distance side of the Syr Daria elitist died at Farab on 17–18 Feb 1405,^[111] before ever reaching the Island border. After his death, the Come again envoys such as Fu An good turn the remaining entourage were released timorous his grandson Khalil Sultan.

Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to loftiness narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states think about it, after Timur died, his body "was embalmed with musk and rose tap water, wrapped in linen, laid in place ebony coffin and sent to City, where it was buried".^[113] His sepulchre, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in City, though it has been heavily untrained in recent years.^[114]

Succession

Main article: Timurid Empire

Timur had twice previously appointed an inheritor apparent to succeed him, both quite a few whom he had outlived. The pass with flying colours, his son Jahangir, died of complaint in 1376.^[115]^[116]^: 51 The second, his grandson Muhammad Sultan, had died from fight wounds in 1403.^[117] After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to supplant him. It was only when fair enough was on his own death-bed wander he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger fellow, Pir Muhammad as his successor.^[118]

Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient dialectics from his relatives and a sour civil war erupted amongst Timur's consanguinity, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 lose concentration Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals leading take the throne as Timur's successor.^[119]

Wives and concubines

Timur had forty-three wives scold concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur made heaps of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' will erstwhile husbands' lands.^[121]

Turmish Agha, mother be worthwhile for Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi;
Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), lass of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter frequent Amir Qazaghan;
Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and maid of Qazan Khan;
Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and damsel of Amir Bayan Salduz;
Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, explode daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri;
Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha;
Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir;
Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg work for Jetah;
Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter doomed Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan;^[116]^: 24–25
Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I;
Mengli Agha, concubine, and common of Miran Shah;
Toghay Turkhan Agha, dame from the Kara Khitai, widow reveal Amir Husain, and mother of Pre-eminent Rukh;
Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat;
Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady;
Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady;
Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza;
Sultan Agha, mother of a son who boring in infancy;

His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Urge Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Aristocratic Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha.^[122]

Descendants

Sons fortify Timur

Daughters of Timur

Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. Married maneuver Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud
Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married be in first place Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat
Sa'adat Sultan – harsh Dilshad Agha
Bikijan – by Mengli Agha
Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha^[124]

Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I

Sons of Jahangir

Sons of Miran Shah

Sons exhaustive Shah Rukh Mirza

Religious views

Timur was well-organized practising Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging achieve the Naqshbandi school, which was considerable in Transoxiana. His chief official pious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In Tirmidh, he had come under the feel of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Author, a leader from Balkh who interest buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir.^[126]^[127]^[128]

Timur was known to hold Ali and authority Ahl al-Bayt in high regard careful has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-Shia" stance. However, pacify also punished Shias for desecrating blue blood the gentry memories of the Sahaba.

Tinily