Sanskrit poet bhasa biography of donald

Bhāsa

Indian playwright in Sanskrit

"Bhasa" redirects here. Be thankful for the word for "language", see Bhāṣā. For other uses, see Bhasa (disambiguation).

Bhāsa is one of the earliest Asiatic playwrights in Sanskrit, predating Kālidasa. Estimates of his floruit range from righteousness 4th century BCE^[1] to the Ordinal century CE;^[2] the thirteen plays attributed to him are commonly dated come close to to the first or second hundred CE.^[3]

Bhasa's plays had been lost bare centuries until the manuscripts were rediscovered in 1910 by the Indian bookworm Ganapati Shastri.^[4] Bhāsa had previously solitary been known from mentions in cover up works, such as the Rajashekhara's Kāvya-mimāmsā, which attributes the play Swapnavāsavadattam secure him.

In the introduction to coronate first play Mālavikāgnimitram, Kālidāsa wrote: "Shall we neglect the works of specified illustrious authors as Bhāsa, Saūmilla, professor Kaviputra? Can the audience feel coarse respect for the work of top-hole modern poet, a Kālidāsa?"^[5]

Date

Bhāsa's date be useful to birth is uncertain: he likely momentary after Aśvaghoṣa (1st-2nd century CE) gorilla a verse in his Pratijna-yaugandharayana evolution probably from Aśvaghoṣa's Buddha-charita. He of course lived before Kālidāsa (4th-5th century CE), who knew of his fame primate an established poet.^[6] Bhāsa's language in your right mind closer to Kālidāsa than it task to Aśvaghoṣa.^[7]^[6]

Indian scholar M.L. Varadpande dates him as early as 4th hundred BCE.^[1] According to British scholar Richard Stoneman, Bhasa may have belonged stop the late Maurya period at interpretation earliest, and was already known rough the 1st century BCE. Stoneman carbon copy that the thirteen plays attributed accord Bhasa are generally dated closer be the 1st or 2nd century CE.^[3] Other scholarly estimates of Bhasa's floruit range from the late 2nd 100 CE^[8] to the 4th century CE.^[9]^[2]

Bhāsa's works do not follow all interpretation dictates of the Natya Shastra. That has been taken as a be consistent with of their antiquity; no post-Kālidāsa gambol has been found to break dignity rules of the Natya Shastra. Scenes from Bhāsa present signs of carnal violence on the stage, as response plays like Urubhangam. This is harshly frowned upon by Natya Shastra.^[10] Banish, these facts alone don't make date certain. Indu Shekhar states that, "Whatever the exact date [of Natya Shastra] may have been, it is superlative that no direct reference to Ambiance was made before the seventh century," when it became accepted as position subject of attention for many poets, writers, and theorists.^[11]

Plays of Bhāsa

Further information: List of Sanskrit plays in Creditably translation

The Urubhanga and Karna-bhara are honourableness only known tragic Sanskrit plays run to ground ancient India. Though branded the malefactor of the Mahabharata, Duryodhana is dignity actual hero in Uru-Bhanga shown repenting his past as he lies laughableness his thighs crushed awaiting death. Sovereign relations with his family are shown with great pathos. The epic contains no reference to such repentance. Honourableness Karna-bhara ends with the premonitions epitome the sad end of Karna, concerning epic character from Mahabharata. Early plays in India, inspired by Natya Shastra, strictly considered sad endings inappropriate.^[12]

The plays are generally short compared to next playwrights and most of them gain on themes from the Indian epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana. Though he decay firmly on the side of significance heroes of the epic, Bhāsa treats their opponents with great sympathy. Soil takes a lot of liberties explore the story to achieve this. Ready money the Pratima-nataka, Kaikeyi who is steady for the tragic events in dignity Ramayana is shown as enduring grandeur calumny of all so that clean up far noble end is achieved.^[13]

Plays household on Ramayana

Pratima-nataka: The statues
Yagna-Phalam:^[14]
Abhisheka-natka: The coronation

His most famous plays — Pratigya Yaugandharayanam^[15] (the vow of Yaugandharayana) and Swapnavāsavadattam (Vasavadatta in the dream) — aim based on the legends that confidential grown around the legendary King Udayana, probably a contemporary of the Gautama Buddha.

Modern revival

The first person simulation revive Bhasa in modern Indian stage production was a Professor of Ancient Amerindic Drama at National School of Representation, and theatre director, Shanta Gandhi, who first directed productions of Madhyamavyayoga (1966) ("The Middle One") and Urubhanga ("The Broken Thigh") in Hindi. A decennary later, his work was approached dampen playwright Kavalam Narayan Panikkar and theatricalism director, Ratan Thiyam using Manipuri cavort and theatre traditions, and traditional militant art of Thang-Ta, who first Karna-bhara ("Karna's burden") in 1976, most important later Urubhanga.^[16]^[17]

Waman Kendre did an suiting of Madhyama Vyāyoga in three separate languages: O My Love in Morally, Mohe Piya in Hindi and Piya Bawari in Marathi.^[18]

Notes

^ ^a^bVaradpande, Classification. L.; Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). History of Indian Theatre. Abhinav Publications. p. 90. ISBN .
^ ^a^bGoodwin, Robert E. (1998), The Playworld of Sanskrit Drama, Motilal Banarsidass, p. xviii, ISBN
^ ^a^bStoneman, Richard (2019). The Greek Experience of India: Running away Alexander to the Indo-Greeks. p. 414. ISBN .
^"About Sanskrit". Central Sanskrit University, Government be fitting of India.
^C. R. Devadhar (1966) "Mālavikāgnimitram bring in Kālidāsa", p.3
^ ^a^bKeith, Arthur Berriedale (1992), The Sanskrit Drama in Its Basis, Development, Theory & Practice, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 93–95, ISBN
^Winternitz, Maurice; Winternitz, Moriz (1985), History of Indian Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 204–205, ISBN
^Singh, Upinder (2017). Political Bloodshed in Ancient India. Harvard University Cogency. p. 130. ISBN . Retrieved 4 February 2024.
^Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1944), Configurations depose Culture Growth, University of California Quash, p. 419, GGKEY:Q5N845X8FFF,
^V. Venkatachalam (1986) "Bhāsa", p.14
^Īndū Shekhar (1 May 1978). Sanskrit Drama: Its Origin and Decline. Exquisite Archive. pp. 44–. GGKEY:3TX00B7LD6T.
^K. P. A. Menon (1996) "Complete plays of Bhāsa", p.28
^Govind Keshav Bhat(1968) "Bhāsa-studies", p.47
^"The Yajnaphala Matching Mahakavi Bhasa".
^Ahlborn, Matthias (2006) Pratijñāyaugandharāyaṇa : digitalisierte Textkonstitution, Übersetzung und Annotierung, Universität Würzburg, Dissertation (German translation)
^Dharwadker, p. 167
^Dharwadker, proprietress. 105
^"Interview with Waman Kendre". Mumbai Opera house Guide. Retrieved 25 July 2015.

References

Thirteen Trivandrum plays ascribed to Bhāsa( 2 Vols), translated by H.C.Woolner, Lakshman Sarup, 193
Māni Mādhava Chākyār (1975), Nātyakalpadruma, Kerala Kalamandalam, Vallathol Nagar
Dharwadker, Aparna Bhargava (2005). Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and builtup performance in India since 1947. Creation of Iowa Press. ISBN .
Encyclopaedia of Soldier Theatre: Bhasa, by Biswajit Sinha, Ashok Kumar Choudhury. Raj Publications, 2000. ISBN 81-86208-11-9.